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bio130 > Week 1 Textbook Reading > Flashcards

Week 1 Textbook Reading Flashcards

1
Q

polymer

A

long molecule made by covalently linking multiple identical or similar subunits (monomers).

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2
Q

subunit

A

A monomer that forms part of a larger molecule, such as an amino acid in a protein or a nucleotide in a nucleic acid

Can also refer to a complete molecule that forms part of a larger molecule

Many proteins, for example, are composed of multiple polypeptide chains, each of which is called a protein subunit.

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3
Q

how do neutrons affect cells?

A

-contribute to the structural stability of the nucleus
-change in neutrons can cause the nucleus to disintegrate by radioactive decay
-neutrons don’t alter the chemical properties of atom

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4
Q

what does an element’s chemical reactivity depend on?

A

the degree that its outer electron shell is filled

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5
Q

electronegativity

A

tendency of an atom to attract electrons

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6
Q

bond strength

A

measured by the amount of energy that must be supplied to break the bond

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7
Q

hydrogen bond

A

-H attracted to N, O, F
-weaker than covalent bonds
-hydrophilic- water loving
-hydrophobic- water fearing

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8
Q

why is water a liquid at room temp?

A

interlocking hydrogen bonds allows water to be a liquid at room temp and gives it a high BP and surface tension

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9
Q

electrostatic attraction

A

ionic bonds that hold together the ions in a salt crystal
-strongest when atoms involved are fully charged

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10
Q

van der Waals

A

These weak attractions occur in all types of molecules and are nonpolar and can’t form ionic or hydrogen bonds

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11
Q

buffer

A

Buffer→ mixtures of weak acids and bases that maintain proton concentrations at about pH 7 by releasing protons (acids) or taking them up (bases) whenever the pH changes

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12
Q

polymers of sugars

A

Polysaccharides and oligosaccharides

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13
Q

polymers of fatty acids

A

fats and membrane lipids

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14
Q

polymers of nucleotides

A

nucleic acids

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15
Q

Oligosaccharides:

A

contain a smaller number of sugar subunits (e.g. disaccharides only have 2)

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16
Q

Polysaccharides:

A

e.g. glycogen and starch can have 1000s of sugar monomers

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17
Q

how are sugars energy sources and subunits of polysaccharides

A

Monosaccharides are the simplest sugars with the general formula (CH2O)n

Because of this formula, sugars and the larger molecules made from them are called carbohydrates

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18
Q

describe monosaccharides and the bonds they can form

A

Monosaccharides can be linked by covalent bonds—called glycosidic bonds—to form larger carbohydrates.

2 monosaccharides linked together make a disaccharide, such as sucrose, which is composed of a glucose and a fructose unit.

Larger sugar polymers range from the oligosaccharides, which typically contain 2 to 10 monosaccharide subunits (monomers), all the way up to giant polysaccharides, which can contain hundreds or thousands of subunits

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19
Q

isomers

A

Sets of molecules with the same chemical formula but different structures are called isomers

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20
Q

condensation rxn

A

Condensation reaction is when a bond is formed between an -OH group on one sugar and an -OH group on another

**(reverse of hydrolysis)

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21
Q

difference between hydrolysis and condensation rxn

A

The bonds created by condensation rxns can be broken by the reverse process of hydrolysis, in which a molecule of water is consumed

condensation is the opp of hydrolysis rxns

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22
Q

why are hydrolysis rxns energetically favourable

A

break down larger molecules into smaller subunits

23
Q

why are condensation rxns energetically unfavourable

A

synthesize large molecules from smaller subunits

24
Q

glycogen

A

Cells use simpler polys. composed of only glucose units (glycogen) in animals and starch in plants as long term stores of glucose, held in reserve for energy production

25
Q

glycoproteins

A

Smaller polys. can be linked to proteins to form glycoproteins or to lipids to form glycolipids

26
Q

structure of a fatty acid molecule

A

Fatty acid chains are components of cell membranes

Fatty acid molecule, has 2 distinct regions

One is long hydrocarbon chain, which’s hydrophobic and not very reactive chemically

Other is a carboxyl (COOH) group, which behaves as an acid (carboxylic acid)

In aq solution, it’s ionized(-COO^-) extremely hydrophilic and chemically reactive

27
Q

amphipathic

A

Molecules that are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic are amphipathic

28
Q

saturated tail

A

Some fatty acids have saturated tails→ containing the max possible number of hydrogens and therefore has no double bonds between its carbon atoms

29
Q

unsaturated tail

A

Others have unsaturated tails → with one or more double bonds along their length

30
Q

how are fatty acids stored

A

Fatty acids are stored in the cytoplasm of cells in the form of fat droplets composed of triacylglycerol molecules- compounds made of 3 fatty acid chains covalently joined to a glycerol molecule

31
Q

Phospholipids→

A

constructed from fatty acids and glycerol
However glycerol is joined to 2 fatty acid chains, rather than 3 as in triacylglycerols

32
Q

peptide bond vs. polypeptide

A

Covalent bond b/w 2 adjacent amino acids in a protein chain is called a peptide bond and the resulting chain of amino acids is a polypeptide

33
Q

how are peptide bonds formed

A

Peptide bonds are formed by condensation rxns that link one amino acid to the next

34
Q

noncovalent bonds

A

-specify the precise shape of a macromolecule
-allow a macromolecule to bind other selected molecules
-can also stabilize associations b/w any 2 macromolecules, as long as their surfaces match closely

35
Q

Amines

A

Amines in water combine with an H+ ion to become positively charged

36
Q

amides

A

Amides are formed by combining an acid and an amine
Unlike amines, amides are uncharged in water

37
Q

ring formation in sugars and fatty acids

A

In aqueous sol, the aldehyde or ketone group of a sugar molecule tends to react with a hydroxyl group of the same molecule, thereby closing the molecule into a ring

38
Q

isomers (monosaccharides)

A

When monosaccharides differ only in the spatial arrangement of atoms

39
Q

a and B(beta) Links

A

The hydroxyl group on the carbon that carries the aldehyde or ketone can rapidly change from one position to the other
-2 positions called a and B

40
Q

Disaccharides

A

When the carbon that carries the aldehyde or the ketone can react with any hydroxyl group on a second sugar molecule

41
Q

Oligosaccharides vs. polysaccharides

A

Oligo→ short chains
Polysacc→ long chains

42
Q

fatty acids

A

All have a carboxyl group at one end and a long hydrocarbon tail at the other

43
Q

triacylglycerols

A

Fatty acids are stored in cells as an energy reserve (fats and oils) through an ester linkage to glycerol to form triacylglycerols

44
Q

carboxyl group

A

If free, the carboxyl group of a fatty acid will be ionized

More often it is linked to other groups to form either esters or amides

45
Q

how do photosynthetic organisms use sunlight to synthesize organic molecules

A

Photosynthesis converts the electromagnetic energy in sunlight into chemical bond energy in cells
In the 1st stage, energy from sunlight is captured and temporarily stored as chemical-bond energy in specialized molecules called activated carriers
In the 2nd stage, activated carriers are used to help drive a carbon-fixation process, in which sugars are made from CO2 gas
This way, photosynthesis generates an essential source of stored chemical-bond energy and other organic materials

46
Q

how do cells get energy

A

-by the oxidation of organic molecules
-Oxidation→ extraction of chemical energy from food molecules takes place through a process of gradual oxidation
-The complex process by which food molecules are broken down in this way to produce energy is known as cell respiration

47
Q

oxidation

A

Oxidation→ the addition of oxygen atoms to a molecule; the removal of electrons from an atom

48
Q

reduction

A

Reduction→ the addition of electrons to an atom

49
Q

how is a polar covalent bond formed?

A

When a carbon atom becomes covalently bonded to an atom with a strong affinity for electrons, it gives up more than its equal share of electrons to form a polar covalent bond

50
Q

how does carbon gain partial positive and negative charges

A

The positive charge of the carbon nucleus now slightly exceeds the negative charge of its electrons→ C atom gains a partial positive charge and is oxidized

When the carbon atom in a C-H bond has more than its share of electrons; it gains a partial negative charge and is reduced

51
Q

true or false: an individual enzyme can make an energetically unfavorable rxn occur

A

false

Even though an individual enzyme can accelerate an energetically favourable rxn, it can’t force an energetically unfavourable rxn to occur

52
Q

activation energy

A

Activation energy→ when a molecule requires a boost over an energy barrier before it can undergo a chemical rxn that moves it to a lower-energy (more stable) state

53
Q

what do enzyme-catalyzed rxns depend on?

A

Enzyme-catalyzed reactions depend on rapid molecular collisions

For 2 molecules to interact, they must first collide

54
Q

what do noncovalent interactions allow?

A

Noncovalent interactions allow enzymes to bind specific molecules
1st step is the binding of the substrate
Once this occurs, the substrate must stay bound to the enzyme long enough for the chemistry to occur

bio130 (3 decks)

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