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NURS 180 - Pharmacology (2016 Fall Term II) > Week 1 - terminologies > Flashcards

Week 1 - terminologies Flashcards

1
Q

First recorded reference to pharmacology was written by

A

Samuel Dale in 1693

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2
Q

Father of American pharmacology

A

John Jacob Abel

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3
Q

Factors affecting drug response

A

age: infant/elderly (give less drugs)
weight: peds based on kilograms
gender: female (high in fat) male (high in muscle ) [hormones]

health status: liver/kidney problem; immune suppress; vascular inefficiency ( decrease blood flow); pregnancy (teratogenic)

tetratogenic: category (A, B, C, D, X) [D or X do not give]
genetics: missing enzymes affect drug metabolism (absorption); lacking of clotting factors; caffeine clearance rate

body mass: in general inceased BM = increased drugs

Drug-to-drug interaction

tolerance: pain meds
compliance: (TB meds 3mo/6mo/9mo)

Diet (food interaction): grapefruit juice; drugs taken before/with/after food

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4
Q

Routes of medication administration

A 
oral: enteric coated; g-tube
IM: 90 degrees; z-track
SubQ: 45-90 degrees
transdermal: through skin/patch
IV: bolus, push, drip
eye drops
ear drops
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5
Q

Pharmacology

A

the study of medicine; the discipline pertaining to how drugs improve or maintain health

subject ranging from understanding how drugs are administered, to where they travel in the body, to the actual responses produced

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6
Q

biologics

A

naturally produced substances use for prevention/ treatment process

substances that produce biologic responses withing the body; they are syntehsized by cells of the human body, animal cells, or microogranism

agents naturally produced in animal cells, by microorganisms, or by the body itself

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7
Q

therapeutic action

A

desired affect

*depends on use of drug - the therapeutic and S/E changes

how a drug produces its physiological effect on the body

the beneficial effect that medical treatment causes to the body

i.e. a diuretic treats HTN by lowering plasma vol

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8
Q

adverse reaction

A

undesireable effect (S/E)

negative reactions to a drug

undesirable, inadvertent, unexpected and potentially dangerous responses to a medication

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9
Q

allergic reaction

A

slow progress

acquired hyper response of the body defenses to a foreign substance (allergen)

occurs when an individual develops an immune response to a medication

pruitus, edema, runny nose, skin rash, or reddened eyes with tears

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10
Q

anaphylaxis

A

a severe type of allergic reaction that involves the massive, systemic release of histamine and other chemical mediators of inflammation that can lead to life-threatening shock

a life-threatening, immediate allergic reaction that causes respiratory distress, severe bronchospasm, laryngeal edema, a quick drop in B/P, as well as cardiovascular collapse

allergies to bee stings, tree nuts, plants/animals, acute dyspnea, hypotension, tachycardia

REQUIRES IMMEDIATE ATTENTION

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11
Q

contraindication

A

reason to not give drug

conditions that make it unsafe or potentially harmful to administer specific medications

specific situation in which a drug, procedure, surgery should not be used, because it may be harmful to the person

tetracyclines can stain developing teeth

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12
Q

side effects

A

expected drug reaction

expected and predictable effects that result at therapeutic dosages

morphine of pain relief usually results in constipation

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13
Q

therapeutic classification

A

classify according to use (how it works –> mechanism of action)

method for organizing drugs on the basic of their clinical usefulness in treating particular disease

drugs are classified into different groups according to their chemical characteristics, structure and how they are used to treat specific disease

influence blood clotting - anticoagulant, lowering blood cholesterol - antihyperlipidemic

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14
Q

pharmacologic classification

A

method for organizing drugs on the basis of their mechanism of action

drugs are organized by the way they work

mechanism of action: decrease plasma volume - diuretic, blockes heart calcium channels - calcium channel blocker, dilates peripheral blood vessels - vasodilator

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15
Q

chemical name

A

base or chemical composition

strict chemical nomenclature used for naming drugs established by the international union of pure and applied chemistry (IUPAC)

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16
Q

generic name

A

US adopted name council

there is only one generic name for each drug which is assigned by the U.S. Adopted Name Council

generic names does not change between states
- most does not change in different countries

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17
Q

Trade name

A

brand name - manufacturer

assigned by the company marketing the drug
proprietary or product or brand name

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18
Q

bioavailability

A

amount of a drug to cause therapeutic effect

ability of a drug to reach the bloodstream and its target tissues

the physiological ability of the drug to reach its target cells and produce its effects

1st pass effect, mostly for oral
- some drugs get deactivated
(whatever available drug to reach the site is the bioavailability

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19
Q

Formulary list of drugs

A

hopsitals, pharmacists, carries
covered by insurance, can be prescribed and dispensed

list of drugs and drug recipes commonly used by pharmacists

the first standard commonly used by pharmacists, list of drugs and drug recipes (US Pharmacopoeia [USP]) established in 1820

a list of prescribed drugs, both generic and brand name, used by practitioners to id drugs that offer the greatest overall value

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20
Q

negative formulary list

A

can not be presrived or dispensed
not covered by insurance

reasons to be on the list: black box warnings; S/E; costs

a list of tradename drugs that pharmacists may not dispense as generic drugs

drugs specifically determiend by Board of Pharmay and Board of Medicine to demonstrate clinically significant biological/therapeutic inequivalence, could produce adverse clinical effects, or pure threat to health and patient safety

21
Q

addiction

A

psychological craving for substance

the continue use of a substance despite its negative health and social consequences

overwhelming feeling that drives someone to use a drug repeatedly

22
Q

dependance

A

physiological and psychological
-do not get substance –> exhibit withdrawal

strong physiological or psychological need for a substance

23
Q

controlled substances

A

potential abuse for scheduled classifications

a drug whose use is restricted by the COntrolled Substance Act of 1970

have a potential for abuse and dependence and have a “schedule” classification

Schedule 1: highest potential for abuse (heroin, LSD, marijuana, ectasy)
Schedule 5: lowest

24
Q

Teratogenic drug classification

A

a substance that has the potential to cause a defect in an unborn child during pregnancy

places drugs into categories A, B, C, D, X
category A: the safest group
category X: the most danger to the fetus

25
Q

Pharmacokinetics and its four compnents

A

how drug travel in the body

  • absorption: depends on route
  • distribution: blood, lymphatic channels
  • metabolism: liver, parts of kidneys
  • excretion: kidneys, lungs, skin

study of how drugs are handled by the body

26
Q

biotransformation

A

chemical change a chemical undergo in body
affinity of drug

metabolism (biotransformation) process of chemically converting a drug to a form that is usually more easily removed from the body

total of all biochemical reactions in the body

27
Q

affinity

A

ability of drug to attach to receptors

chemical attraction that impels certain molecules to unite with others to form complexes

attraction, for certain medications

agents that are attracted to adipose tissue are thiopental (Pentoltholss), diazepam (Valium), and lipid-soluble vitamins

28
Q

drug protein complex

A

drug combine to protein; protein becomes unavailable of action

increase protein complex –> decrease action of drug

drug that has bound reversible to a plasma protein, particularly albumin, that makes the drug unavailable for distribution to body tissues

many drugs bind reversibly to plasma proteins…are too large to cross capillary membranes; thus, the drug is not available for distribution to body tissues

29
Q

conjugates

A

combination of drugs that makes it more water soluble and helps excrete from the system

side chains that, during metabolism, make drugs more water soluble and more easily excreted by the kidney

30
Q

therapeutic level

A

dosage range

low: not medicated enough
high: patient is more toxic

refers to either the dosage range or blood plasma or serum concentration usually expected to achieve desired therapeutic effects

31
Q

plasma concentration

A

amount of plasma in the blood

a measure of how much of a compound is present in a sample of plasma

32
Q

plasma half life of a drug

A

length of time for drug to become 50%
when to give the next dose (rate depends on plasma half life)

adenonsine half life is 8-sec

the length of time required for the plasma concentration of a drug to decrease by half after administration

33
Q

loading dose

A

give highest dose first
- so to reach therapeutic level first

comparatively large dose given at the beginning of treatment to rapidly obtain the therapeutic effect of a drug

a higher amount of drug, often given only once or twice to “prime” the bloodstream with a sufficient level of drug

34
Q

maintenance dose

A

once therapeutic level is reached, give pills and meds to continue/maintain it

dose that keeps the plasma drug concentration continuously in the therapeutic range

are given to keep the plasma drug concentration in the therapeutic range

35
Q

lethal dose

A

amount of drug that can cause at least 50% death of patients

the dose of a chemical or biological preparation that is likely to cause death

36
Q

toxicity

A

an adverse medication effect that is considered severe and can be life-threatening

refers to how poisonous or harmful a substance can be. drug toxicity occurs when a person has accumulated too much of a drug in his bloodstream, leadnig to adverse effects withing the body

37
Q

therapeutic index

A

a window; ratio between 2 doses
- lethal dose and effective dose (LD_50 - ED_50)

a measure of a drug’s safety margin; the higher the value, the safer the drug. The therapeutic index offers the nurse practical information on the safety of the drug and a means to compare one drug with another

38
Q

potency

A

the strength of a drug at a specified concentration or dose

a drug that is more potent will produce a therapeutic effect at a lower dose, compared with another drug in the same class

39
Q

efficacy

A

the ability of a drug to produce a desired response

the magnitude of maximal response that can be produced form a particular drug

40
Q

agonist

A

are helpers
agonists bind to receptors to make receptors to do their functions

drug that is capable of binding with receptors to induce a cellular response

medications that bind to or mimic the receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate

41
Q

antagonist

A

blockers
antagonist blocks receptors

drugs that blocks the response of another drug

medications that can block the usual receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate or the receptor activity of other medications

42
Q

antidote

A

medication to counteract specific poison
suppress the adverse effect of a specific drug

counter the effects of poisons or toxins in a number of cases

general areas of toxicity where antidotes may be effective include heavy metals, radioactive exposure, and overdosing of pharmacologic agents

43
Q

receptor

A

places where drugs go and combine to cause changes in the body

the structural component of a cell to which a drug binds in a dose-related manner to produce a response

a cellular macromolecule to which a medication binds in order to initiate its effects

44
Q

pharmacogenetics

A

area of pharmacology that examines the role of genetics in drug response

the study of genetic variations that give rise to differences in drug response

45
Q

medication reconciliation

A

for patient admit, transfer, discharge
- meds taken at home, prescribed drugs, OTC drugs, herbal supplements can cause othe rproblems

the process of keeping track of patients’ medications as their care proceeds form one health care provider to another

a process of comparing and reconciling a list of patient’s current medications with new medication prescriptions to resolve any discrepancies

46
Q

polypharmacy

A

taking too much medications at once/ multiple medications for one drug

  • reason - multiple providers
  • go to multiple pharmacies
  • lost of memory (dementia)

the taking of multiple drugs concurrently

patient receiving multiple prescriptions, sometimes for the same condition, that have conflicting pharmacologic actions

47
Q

receptors in human body and its functions

A

beta and alpha: types of subreceptor found in the sympathetic nervous system

kappa and mu: type of opioid receptor

beta receptors

  • beta 1: heart
  • beat 2: bronchial/vascular smooth muscle

alpha receptors
- vessels

kappa receptors

  • opioid receptor for pain
  • (KOR) contribute to analgesia in the spine and may exhibit dysphoria and sedation, but do not generally lead to dependence

mu receptors

  • opioid receptor
  • are thought to give most of their analgesic effects in the CNS as well as many S/E including sedation, respiratory depression, euphoria, and dependence
48
Q

anticholinergic effect

A

opposite of muscarinic effect

everything dries up

parasympathetic nervous system

dry mouth; constipation; urinary retention; tachycardia; pupilary dilation; blurring of vision; hyperpyrexia (fever)

drug that blocks the actions of the parasympathetic nervous system

effects that are a result of muscarinic receptor blockade

i.e. dry mouth can be relieved by sipping on liquids; photophobia can be managed by use of sunglasses; and urinary retention can be reduced by urinating before taking the medication

49
Q

muscarinic effect

A

opposite of anticholinergic

lots of fluid

diarrhea; urinary incontinence; bradycardia; increase in GI motility

type of cholinergic receptor found in smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands

all these are parasympathetic effects form acetylcholine stimulating the muscarinic receptor

NURS 180 - Pharmacology (2016 Fall Term II) (7 decks)

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