Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

(Emily) semester 2 > week 1 respiratory physiology 1-2 > Flashcards

week 1 respiratory physiology 1-2 Flashcards

1
Q

what’s the teaching/learning mantra for medical professionals?

A

see one, do one, teach one

(Monkey see, monkey do.)
‘Those that know, do. Those that understand, teach.’ ~ Aristotle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

.

A

.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What’s behaviourist learning theory and give relevant example

A

Where the learning is measured by observable behaviour, reinforcement is essential, teacher manipulates environment to illicit correct response

clinical skills, simulation, resucitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What’s social learning theory

A

teacher role models in a safe to fail environment

(learning embedded within interactions and observations of others in a social context)

observation, imitation, rehearsal, role modelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What’s the SET GO feedback model?

A

what I saw
what else did you see
what did you think
what goal would you like to achieve
any offers on how we should get there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?

A

gas exchange
acid base balance- regulation of body pH
protection from infection
communication via speech

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

tissues transform fuel stored as what type of energy to what type of energy

this depends on the integration of what

A

chemical ( in food and oxygen) to physical

CVS and respiratory (to deliver fuel to active cells within the tissues, and remove waste products)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what process/action/exchange links the resp. and cv. system

A

gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

3 (4) steps of gas exchange?

A

exchange 1: between atmosphere and lung
exchange 2: between lung and blood

transport of gases in the blood

exchange 3: between blood and cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

definition of cellular/internal respiration

A

biochemical process that releases energy from glucose either via Glycolysis or Oxidative Phosphorylation. Latter requires oxygen and depends on external respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

definition of external respiration

A

External Respiration – movement of gases between the air and the body’s cells, via both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

connection between cellular vs external respiration

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation requires oxygen and depends on external respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the third gas exchange, between blood and cells, is what happening?

A

cellular respiration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

the body tolerates short-term changes to C02 levels

A

no.
in the plasma it’s just as important if not more important to maintain optimal C02 levels

even tiny changes in the plasma can kickstart homeostatic responses, as it’s toxic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gas exchange at lungs and tissue is almost like what type of gradient?

(at this stage of your learning)

A

concentration gradient

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

gas exchanges occur from atmosphere to cells how

A

to lung to blood then transported then to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

function of pulmonary circulation

A

It delivers CO2 (to the lungs) and collects O2 (from the lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

function of systemic circulation

A

the systemic circulation delivers O2 to peripheral tissues and collects CO2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

pulmonary artery carries ox or deox

A

deox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

pulmonary vein carries ox or deox

A

ox

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

vein = to heart or away from heart

A

to heart

remember Artery = Away

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

why does pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood, considering I know for sure that vein should carry blood TO the heart

A

With the exception of pulmonary blood vessels, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what rule prevents gas build-up in the lungs

A

net volume of gas exchanged in lungs per unit time = net volume exchanged in the tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

why is it better to breathe through the nose than the mouth

A

cuz the nose can better warm and moisten the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

if energy demand increases what increases, and this causes what

A

breathing rate increases, heart rate increases

O2 acquisition increases, waste disposal sped up

substrate/O2 delivery to muscle via blood sped up, waste removal via blood sped up

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

oxygen and CO2 exchange is at what two levels

A

At level of the lungs, and at level of peripheral tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the respiratory system is responsible for what in regards to blood

A

getting ox in, carb deox out (and subsequently out the body)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

name the 7 key parts of the resp. system

A

nose
pharynx
epiglottis
larynx
trachea
bronchus
lung

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

purpose of nose

A

entry point.
cilia and mucus trap particles
warm and moisten the air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

purpose of pharynx

A

just tunnel. shared with digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

purpose of epiglottis

A

flap of tissue over trachea to prevent food entering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

purpose of larynx

A

voice box, vibrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

purpose of trachea

A

tunnel following on from pharynx. made from stiff rings of cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q
A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

purpose of bronchus

A

air moves here from trachea, to right and left bronchi, on way to lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

purpose of lung

A

Main organ. Soft spongy texture due to thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

underneath what surface landmark does the trachea split into 2 bronchus

A

sternal angle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the right vs left bronchus splits how many times

A

right = 3 times into secondary bronchi
left = 2 lobes / secondary bronchi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

the tertiary bronchi splits how many times into alveoli

A

24 in total, but after the trachea splits into 2 bronchi ( one to each lung) each bronchi splits 22 more times, finally terminating into a cluster of alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

patency of trachea maintained by what

A

c shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

where’s the bronchiole

A

between the bronchus and the alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

is there cartilage on the bronchiole

A

no, only bronchus

43
Q

how is patency maintained for the bronchiole if there is no cartilage

A

by physical force of the thorax

44
Q

where is the heart in relation to the lungs

A

Your heart is located between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your breastbone (sternum)

45
Q

how does the width and angle of the right bronchi compare to the left bronchi and why is this important

A

r bronchi straighter and larger, so foreign bodies more likely trapped here

46
Q

components of conducting zone vs the respiratory zone

A

larynx to secondary bronchus

bronchiole to alveoli

47
Q

does less resistance to airflow occur in the upper or lower airway and why

A

lower
well greater distribution of air molecules in alveoli vs more air molecules funnelled in upper respiratory system

48
Q

resistance to airflow can be altered by what

A

activity of the bronchial smooth muscle

49
Q

inappropriate action of what muscle can lead to what, which occurs in what condition

A

bronchial smooth muscle
more resistance to airflow
asthma

50
Q

Air in the conducting zone sits in what space

A

dead

51
Q

contraction of bronchial smooth muscle decreases or increases diameter

A

decreases diameter therefore increasing resistance

52
Q

each cluster of alveoli is surounded by what

A

elastic fibres and a network of capillaries

53
Q

composition of alveoli

A

composed of type 1 cells and type 2 cells. alveolar macrophages are present between, as are endothelial cells of capillary

54
Q

purpose of type 1 vs 2 cells in alveoli

A

type 1 for gas exchange
type 2 synthesizes surfactant
macrophages ingest foreign material that reaches alveoli

55
Q

gas exchange between lungs and the blood is only possible where

A

at the alveoli due to their very thin surface

56
Q

why doesn’t gas exchange occur in conducting zone

A

walls of upper airways too thick

Remember gas exchange only occurs at level of the lungs, and at level of peripheral tissues

57
Q

where’s the anatomical dead space

A

space of upper airway, cannot participate in gas exchange

58
Q

the surface area of the alveoli is small but very thick

A

no
enormous 80m^2, but extremely thin

59
Q

residual volume

A

left to stop lung from collapsing, 1200ml

60
Q

expiratory reserve volume

A

extra air could be expired with max effort

61
Q

tidal volume

A

normal volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath.
usually 500ml

62
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

extra air to be inspired with max effort, 3000ml

63
Q

total lung capacity

A

about 6 litres, or 5800ml

64
Q

total lung capacity is the sum of what

A

TLC: Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV

65
Q

vital capacity definition

A

Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation
= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume.

66
Q

IC - Inspiratory Capacity =

A

IC - Inspiratory Capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

67
Q

FRC - Functional Residual Capacity =

A

FRC - Functional Residual Capacity = expiratory reserve volume + residual volume.

68
Q

is the larynx part of the upper or lower

A

upper

69
Q

is the trachea part of the upper or lower

A

lower, alongside the bronchi and lungs

70
Q

what is the lower respiratory system enclosed by

A

the thorax and bounded by the ribs, spine and diaphragm

71
Q

true or false, the two pleural cavities are completely distinct from each-other

A

yes

72
Q

how might you describe what the pleural cavity is physically like in layman’s terms

A

barely a real space, it’s kinda like a balloon, filled with a little fluid, surrounding the lungs

73
Q

the lungs are divided into how many lobes

A

5, r 3, left 2

superior, middle, and inferior

74
Q

each lung is enclosed by what

A

two pleural membranes

75
Q

in the chest, the oesophagus and aorta pass through where

A

the thorax between the pleural sacs

76
Q

pleural cavity vs pericardial cavity

A

pericardial houses heart. only pleural cavity is enclosed by the pleural membrane

77
Q

which is more superior, the parietal cavity or the visceral cavity

A

parietal

78
Q

the parietal cavity and the visceral cavity are distinct from each other, t or f

A

f
they’re continual to each-other

79
Q

where is the visceral pleura located

A

closest to the viscera

80
Q

describe the anatomy of the pleural sac

A

lungs and interior of thorax < visceral pleura < pleural cavity with interpleural fluid < pleural sac < parietal pleura < thoracic wall

81
Q

what does the parietal pleural membrane line

A

inner surface of the ribs

82
Q

what does the visceral pleural membrane line

A

outer surface of the lungs

83
Q

how are lungs stuck to ribcage

A

through the relationship of the pleural membranes

therefore as the lungs are effectively stuck to the rib cage and diaphragm, they will follow the movements of these bones and muscles as the chest wall expands during inspiration

84
Q

HOW is the visceral pleura stuck to surface of the lungs

A

via the cohesive forces of the pleural fluid

85
Q

chest wall leads to what during what,
in contrast what leads to recoil of the chest wall

A

expansion, during inspiration

vs

elastic connective tissue in lung, leads to recoil, in unforced expiration

86
Q

why is expiration unforced

A
87
Q

a) In emphysema there is destruction of what within the lung because of smoking related what

A

In emphysema there is destruction of elastic tissue within the lung because of smoking related elastase activation.

88
Q

what’s lung compliance

A

Lung compliance, or pulmonary compliance, is a measure of the lung’s ability to stretch and expand.

89
Q

in clinical practice lung compliance is separated into what two different measurements

A

static compliance and dynamic compliance.

90
Q

pneumonia = increased or decreased lung compliance?

A

decreased

91
Q

emphysema = increased or decreased lung compliance?

A

increased

92
Q

transpulmonary pressure

A

= pressure across alveolar wall, i.e. pressure difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure

93
Q

if transpulmonary pressure increases, do lungs expand or not?

A

yes expand

94
Q

volume increases. therefore transpulmonary pressure must be

A

increasing also

95
Q

higher compliance = easier or less easy to expand the lungs

A

easier

96
Q

what is the function of the pleural membrane

A

‘stick’ the lungs to the rib cage

97
Q

how is the visceral pleura ‘stuck’ to the parietal pleura?

A

via the cohesive forces of the pleural fluid

98
Q

the parietal pleura is ‘stuck’ to what

A

the rib cage and diaphragm

99
Q

really basically, how do the lungs move during inspiration

A

lungs are effectively stuck to the rib cage and diaphragm and will follow the movements of these bones and muscles as the chest wall expands during inspiration

100
Q

how do the lungs move during expiration

A

elastic connective tissue in the lung leads to recoil of the chest wall in (unforced) expiration

101
Q

Where’s the intrapleural space

A

In between the pleural membranes

102
Q

Elastic recoil of the lung creates a pull: in or out?

A

In.
Chest would be the opposite

103
Q

What volume for relaxed breathing at rest

A

Tidal

104
Q

When might the spare capacity of the lung be used

A

During periods of greater energy demand e.g. exercise

(Emily) semester 2 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions