week 1 respiratory physiology 1-2 Flashcards
what’s the teaching/learning mantra for medical professionals?
see one, do one, teach one
(Monkey see, monkey do.)
‘Those that know, do. Those that understand, teach.’ ~ Aristotle
.
.
What’s behaviourist learning theory and give relevant example
Where the learning is measured by observable behaviour, reinforcement is essential, teacher manipulates environment to illicit correct response
clinical skills, simulation, resucitation
What’s social learning theory
teacher role models in a safe to fail environment
(learning embedded within interactions and observations of others in a social context)
observation, imitation, rehearsal, role modelling
What’s the SET GO feedback model?
what I saw
what else did you see
what did you think
what goal would you like to achieve
any offers on how we should get there
what are the 4 functions of the respiratory system?
gas exchange
acid base balance- regulation of body pH
protection from infection
communication via speech
tissues transform fuel stored as what type of energy to what type of energy
this depends on the integration of what
chemical ( in food and oxygen) to physical
CVS and respiratory (to deliver fuel to active cells within the tissues, and remove waste products)
what process/action/exchange links the resp. and cv. system
gas exchange
3 (4) steps of gas exchange?
exchange 1: between atmosphere and lung
exchange 2: between lung and blood
transport of gases in the blood
exchange 3: between blood and cells
definition of cellular/internal respiration
biochemical process that releases energy from glucose either via Glycolysis or Oxidative Phosphorylation. Latter requires oxygen and depends on external respiration
definition of external respiration
External Respiration – movement of gases between the air and the body’s cells, via both the respiratory and cardiovascular systems.
connection between cellular vs external respiration
Oxidative Phosphorylation requires oxygen and depends on external respiration
the third gas exchange, between blood and cells, is what happening?
cellular respiration
the body tolerates short-term changes to C02 levels
no.
in the plasma it’s just as important if not more important to maintain optimal C02 levels
even tiny changes in the plasma can kickstart homeostatic responses, as it’s toxic
gas exchange at lungs and tissue is almost like what type of gradient?
(at this stage of your learning)
concentration gradient
gas exchanges occur from atmosphere to cells how
to lung to blood then transported then to cells
function of pulmonary circulation
It delivers CO2 (to the lungs) and collects O2 (from the lungs)
function of systemic circulation
the systemic circulation delivers O2 to peripheral tissues and collects CO2.
pulmonary artery carries ox or deox
deox
pulmonary vein carries ox or deox
ox
vein = to heart or away from heart
to heart
remember Artery = Away
why does pulmonary vein carry oxygenated blood, considering I know for sure that vein should carry blood TO the heart
With the exception of pulmonary blood vessels, arteries carry oxygenated blood and veins carry deoxygenated blood
what rule prevents gas build-up in the lungs
net volume of gas exchanged in lungs per unit time = net volume exchanged in the tissues
why is it better to breathe through the nose than the mouth
cuz the nose can better warm and moisten the air
if energy demand increases what increases, and this causes what
breathing rate increases, heart rate increases
O2 acquisition increases, waste disposal sped up
substrate/O2 delivery to muscle via blood sped up, waste removal via blood sped up
oxygen and CO2 exchange is at what two levels
At level of the lungs, and at level of peripheral tissues
the respiratory system is responsible for what in regards to blood
getting ox in, carb deox out (and subsequently out the body)
name the 7 key parts of the resp. system
nose
pharynx
epiglottis
larynx
trachea
bronchus
lung
purpose of nose
entry point.
cilia and mucus trap particles
warm and moisten the air
purpose of pharynx
just tunnel. shared with digestive system
purpose of epiglottis
flap of tissue over trachea to prevent food entering
purpose of larynx
voice box, vibrates
purpose of trachea
tunnel following on from pharynx. made from stiff rings of cartilage
purpose of bronchus
air moves here from trachea, to right and left bronchi, on way to lungs
purpose of lung
Main organ. Soft spongy texture due to thousands of tiny hollow sacs that compose them.
underneath what surface landmark does the trachea split into 2 bronchus
sternal angle
the right vs left bronchus splits how many times
right = 3 times into secondary bronchi
left = 2 lobes / secondary bronchi
the tertiary bronchi splits how many times into alveoli
24 in total, but after the trachea splits into 2 bronchi ( one to each lung) each bronchi splits 22 more times, finally terminating into a cluster of alveoli
patency of trachea maintained by what
c shaped rings of cartilage of the trachea
where’s the bronchiole
between the bronchus and the alveoli
is there cartilage on the bronchiole
no, only bronchus
how is patency maintained for the bronchiole if there is no cartilage
by physical force of the thorax
where is the heart in relation to the lungs
Your heart is located between your lungs in the middle of your chest, behind and slightly to the left of your breastbone (sternum)
how does the width and angle of the right bronchi compare to the left bronchi and why is this important
r bronchi straighter and larger, so foreign bodies more likely trapped here
components of conducting zone vs the respiratory zone
larynx to secondary bronchus
bronchiole to alveoli
does less resistance to airflow occur in the upper or lower airway and why
lower
well greater distribution of air molecules in alveoli vs more air molecules funnelled in upper respiratory system
resistance to airflow can be altered by what
activity of the bronchial smooth muscle
inappropriate action of what muscle can lead to what, which occurs in what condition
bronchial smooth muscle
more resistance to airflow
asthma
Air in the conducting zone sits in what space
dead
contraction of bronchial smooth muscle decreases or increases diameter
decreases diameter therefore increasing resistance
each cluster of alveoli is surounded by what
elastic fibres and a network of capillaries
composition of alveoli
composed of type 1 cells and type 2 cells. alveolar macrophages are present between, as are endothelial cells of capillary
purpose of type 1 vs 2 cells in alveoli
type 1 for gas exchange
type 2 synthesizes surfactant
macrophages ingest foreign material that reaches alveoli
gas exchange between lungs and the blood is only possible where
at the alveoli due to their very thin surface
why doesn’t gas exchange occur in conducting zone
walls of upper airways too thick
Remember gas exchange only occurs at level of the lungs, and at level of peripheral tissues
where’s the anatomical dead space
space of upper airway, cannot participate in gas exchange
the surface area of the alveoli is small but very thick
no
enormous 80m^2, but extremely thin
residual volume
left to stop lung from collapsing, 1200ml
expiratory reserve volume
extra air could be expired with max effort
tidal volume
normal volume of air moved into or out of the lungs during a normal breath.
usually 500ml
inspiratory reserve volume
extra air to be inspired with max effort, 3000ml
total lung capacity
about 6 litres, or 5800ml
total lung capacity is the sum of what
TLC: Total lung capacity: the volume in the lungs at maximal inflation, the sum of VC and RV
vital capacity definition
Vital capacity: the volume of air breathed out after the deepest inhalation
= tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume + expiratory reserve volume.
IC - Inspiratory Capacity =
IC - Inspiratory Capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume
FRC - Functional Residual Capacity =
FRC - Functional Residual Capacity = expiratory reserve volume + residual volume.
is the larynx part of the upper or lower
upper
is the trachea part of the upper or lower
lower, alongside the bronchi and lungs
what is the lower respiratory system enclosed by
the thorax and bounded by the ribs, spine and diaphragm
true or false, the two pleural cavities are completely distinct from each-other
yes
how might you describe what the pleural cavity is physically like in layman’s terms
barely a real space, it’s kinda like a balloon, filled with a little fluid, surrounding the lungs
the lungs are divided into how many lobes
5, r 3, left 2
superior, middle, and inferior
each lung is enclosed by what
two pleural membranes
in the chest, the oesophagus and aorta pass through where
the thorax between the pleural sacs
pleural cavity vs pericardial cavity
pericardial houses heart. only pleural cavity is enclosed by the pleural membrane
which is more superior, the parietal cavity or the visceral cavity
parietal
the parietal cavity and the visceral cavity are distinct from each other, t or f
f
they’re continual to each-other
where is the visceral pleura located
closest to the viscera
describe the anatomy of the pleural sac
lungs and interior of thorax < visceral pleura < pleural cavity with interpleural fluid < pleural sac < parietal pleura < thoracic wall
what does the parietal pleural membrane line
inner surface of the ribs
what does the visceral pleural membrane line
outer surface of the lungs
how are lungs stuck to ribcage
through the relationship of the pleural membranes
therefore as the lungs are effectively stuck to the rib cage and diaphragm, they will follow the movements of these bones and muscles as the chest wall expands during inspiration
HOW is the visceral pleura stuck to surface of the lungs
via the cohesive forces of the pleural fluid
chest wall leads to what during what,
in contrast what leads to recoil of the chest wall
expansion, during inspiration
vs
elastic connective tissue in lung, leads to recoil, in unforced expiration
why is expiration unforced
a) In emphysema there is destruction of what within the lung because of smoking related what
In emphysema there is destruction of elastic tissue within the lung because of smoking related elastase activation.
what’s lung compliance
Lung compliance, or pulmonary compliance, is a measure of the lung’s ability to stretch and expand.
in clinical practice lung compliance is separated into what two different measurements
static compliance and dynamic compliance.
pneumonia = increased or decreased lung compliance?
decreased
emphysema = increased or decreased lung compliance?
increased
transpulmonary pressure
= pressure across alveolar wall, i.e. pressure difference between alveolar pressure and pleural pressure
if transpulmonary pressure increases, do lungs expand or not?
yes expand
volume increases. therefore transpulmonary pressure must be
increasing also
higher compliance = easier or less easy to expand the lungs
easier
what is the function of the pleural membrane
‘stick’ the lungs to the rib cage
how is the visceral pleura ‘stuck’ to the parietal pleura?
via the cohesive forces of the pleural fluid
the parietal pleura is ‘stuck’ to what
the rib cage and diaphragm
really basically, how do the lungs move during inspiration
lungs are effectively stuck to the rib cage and diaphragm and will follow the movements of these bones and muscles as the chest wall expands during inspiration
how do the lungs move during expiration
elastic connective tissue in the lung leads to recoil of the chest wall in (unforced) expiration
Where’s the intrapleural space
In between the pleural membranes
Elastic recoil of the lung creates a pull: in or out?
In.
Chest would be the opposite
What volume for relaxed breathing at rest
Tidal
When might the spare capacity of the lung be used
During periods of greater energy demand e.g. exercise
