Week 1 Part 1

Question 1

• Genetics

Answer 1

study of inherited traits and variations

o Heredity transmission of traits and biological information between generations

Question 2

• Genes

Answer 2

basic unit of heredity

o Specific segment of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) that contains instructions for proteins

Question 3

• Genome

Answer 3

all of the DNA an organism has.

o Includes all of the genes but also all the non-coding DNA that does not include proteins.

Question 4

• Genomics

Answer 4

the study and comparison of genomes.

Question 5

• DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid )

Answer 5

molecular basis of genetics
o Made of repeating building blocks – nucleotides
 Nucleotides are of sugar, a phosphate and one of 4 possible bases.
• The 4 bases are
• A – adenine
• T – Thymine
• G – Guanine
• C – Cytosine
 The information in DNA comes from the linear sequences of bass found in a DNA strand. The information comes from order of bases in nucleotides, ATGC.
o The two strands are arranged as arranged head to tail (anti parallel), forming a double helix. DNA is double stranded, one strand of base pair with an opposite strand . Bases from bonds between each other. Double stranded molecule. Helix

Question 6

Central Dogma

Answer 6

• DNA stores information that is eventually converted into specific proteins = specific traits
  o This flow of information

Process that are carried out in DNA

Question 7

transcribed

Answer 7

 Specific sequences of DNA are transcribed into RNA inside nucleus. RNA different form of nucleic acid, RNA -single stranded.

Question 8

replicated

Answer 8

when cells divide to preserve information.

 DNA’s purpose is to store information. Have to replicate to pass it on.

Question 9

codons

Answer 9

groups of 3 adjacent nucleotides

Question 10

mutation

Answer 10

change in the nucleotide sequence

could change the amino acid in the protein, and change the function of the protein. Mutation is a change in a gene.

Question 11

translated

Answer 11

message is carried by RNA to cytoplasm of cell where it is translated into a protein.

Question 12

exome – i

Answer 12

all of the DNA sequences that compromise the protein coding gene. Expressed part of genome. Only DNA sequences that code for protein.

Question 13

 Chromosomes

Answer 13

o Segments of dna are Condensed by winding the dna around proteins to form chromosomes .
 Chromosomes – combination of protein and DNA

Question 14

• Autosomes

Answer 14

chromosomes that do not contain sex-determining genes.

Question 15

homologous chromosomes

Answer 15

pairs, diploid organisms

Question 16

• Karyotypes

Answer 16

photograph of all chromosomes organized from largest to smallest.
o Stained to allow identification and banding
o Can reveal error and anomalies in size and number

Question 17

gene locus

Answer 17

specific location of a gene or other genetic element of a chromosome

Question 18

o Somatic cell

Answer 18

All of our cells except the cells that are used in reproduction

Question 19

diploid

Answer 19

tow copies of genome.
• Have 46 total, 23 pairs chromosomes
• Tow copies of sex chromosomes xx or yy

Question 20

o Germ cell

Answer 20

sex cells) are cells needed for reproduction (sperm or eggs)

Question 21

haploid

Answer 21

 Germ cells are haploid – contain one copy of genome
• 23 total chromosomes
• Only one copy of each chromosome
• Only one sex chromosome ( x or y)

Question 22

differentiation

Answer 22

process by which cell become specialized is called

Question 23

alleles

Answer 23

o Alternative forms of same gene

 Same gene but with different nucleotides at one or more places in DNA sequence.

Question 24

mutations

Answer 24

• Changes in nucleotide sequence of a DNA strand

Question 25

o Mendelian triats

Answer 25

single factor traits – presence or absence of a specific allele for single gene or genetic locus  Cystic fibrosis  Sickle cell  Polydactyl

Question 26

o Multi factorial

Answer 26

specific alleles alleles at multiple genetic loci or one or more loci combined with environmental factors  Hair color  Cancer  Hypercholestremia

Question 27

- Phenotypes

Answer 27

visible or measurable trait that occurs when a specific allele is expressed – polydactyl, can be measured scientifically

Question 28

- Genotype

Answer 28

physical presence of a specific allele in genome

Question 29

dominant

Answer 29

the presence of one copy of an allele is sufficient to cause a phenotype

Question 30

recessive

Answer 30

if two copies of the allele must be preset for phenotype to occur

Question 31

gene pool

Answer 31

- All of the alleles in a population of people i