Week 1 - Overview

Question 1

What are microbiota?

Answer 1

-Commensal microorganusns carried on skin and mucous membranes which are normally harmless or even beneficial

Question 2

Name some sources of microorganisms

Answer 2

• Water
• Food
• Surfaces
• Air

Question 3

State the pathway by which microorganisms cause disease

Answer 3

-Exposure -> Adherence -> invasion -> multiplication -> dissemination

Question 4

What are the four Ps in determining disease?

Answer 4

• Patient
• Pathogen
• Place
• Practice

Question 5

What pathogen factors determine disease?

Answer 5

• Virulence factors
• Inoculum size
• Antimicrobial resistance

Question 6

What patient factors determine disease?

Answer 6

• Site of infection

- Co-morbidities

Question 7

What bacteriology can be used to determine infection?

Answer 7

• Microscopy
• Culture
• Antibiotic susceptibility
• Antigen detection

Question 8

What virology cann be done to determine infection?

Answer 8

• Antigen detection
• Antibody detection
• Detecting viral nucleic acid

Question 9

Name 3 viral causes of common cold

Answer 9

• Rhinovirus
• Parainfluenza Virus
• Respiratory syncytial virus

Question 10

Name 3 viral causes of pneumonia

Answer 10

• Influenza Type A and B
• RSV
• Adenovirus

Question 11

What is a bacteriophage?

Answer 11

-A virus which infects bacteria

Question 12

What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?

Answer 12

-Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall content and gram negative have a thin peptidocylcan layer but have LPS instead

Question 13

Name 3 gram positive cocci

Answer 13

• Streptococcus sp. (eg Pneumoniae/Pyogenes)
• Staphylococcus sp. (eg aureus/epidermidis)
• Enterococcus Faecalis

Question 14

Name 3 Gram Negative cocci

Answer 14

• Neisseria Meningitidis
• Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
• Moraxella Catarrhalis

Question 15

Name 2 Gram Positive Bacilli

Answer 15

• Listeria monocytogenes
• Bacillus Anthracis
• Clostridia spp

Question 16

Name 5 Gram Negative bacilli

Answer 16

• Escherichia Coli
• Salmonella Typhi
• Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
• Haemophilus Influenzae
• Klebsiella Pneumoniae

Question 17

What are virulence factors?

Answer 17

-Anything which aids a pathogens potential to invade and infect a host eg pili, enzymes, capsule

Question 18

What are the two types of toxins produced by some bacteria? Give an example of each

Answer 18

• Exotoxin eg diphtheria toxin

- Endotoxin eg LPS

Question 19

State 3 differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes

Answer 19

-Prokaryotes -> no membrane bound organelles, circular DNA, 70s ribosomes

Question 20

Name 2 yeasts and their corresponding infections

Answer 20

• Candida albicans -> thrush

- Pneumocystis Jiroveci -> pneumonia

Question 21

Name two moulds

Answer 21

• Aspergillis

- Dermatophytes

Question 22

What type of microrganism causes malaria?

Answer 22

-Protozoan Parasite (plaspodium spp.)

Question 23

What is an infection and how does it cause disease?

Answer 23

• Invasion of host tissues by micro-organisms

- Disease caused by microbial multiplication, toxins and host response