Week 1 - Overview Flashcards
What are microbiota?
-Commensal microorganusns carried on skin and mucous membranes which are normally harmless or even beneficial
Name some sources of microorganisms
- Water
- Food
- Surfaces
- Air
State the pathway by which microorganisms cause disease
-Exposure -> Adherence -> invasion -> multiplication -> dissemination
What are the four Ps in determining disease?
- Patient
- Pathogen
- Place
- Practice
What pathogen factors determine disease?
- Virulence factors
- Inoculum size
- Antimicrobial resistance
What patient factors determine disease?
- Site of infection
- Co-morbidities
What bacteriology can be used to determine infection?
- Microscopy
- Culture
- Antibiotic susceptibility
- Antigen detection
What virology cann be done to determine infection?
- Antigen detection
- Antibody detection
- Detecting viral nucleic acid
Name 3 viral causes of common cold
- Rhinovirus
- Parainfluenza Virus
- Respiratory syncytial virus
Name 3 viral causes of pneumonia
- Influenza Type A and B
- RSV
- Adenovirus
What is a bacteriophage?
-A virus which infects bacteria
What is the difference between gram positive and gram negative bacteria?
-Gram positive bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan cell wall content and gram negative have a thin peptidocylcan layer but have LPS instead
Name 3 gram positive cocci
- Streptococcus sp. (eg Pneumoniae/Pyogenes)
- Staphylococcus sp. (eg aureus/epidermidis)
- Enterococcus Faecalis
Name 3 Gram Negative cocci
- Neisseria Meningitidis
- Neisseria Gonorrhoeae
- Moraxella Catarrhalis
Name 2 Gram Positive Bacilli
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Bacillus Anthracis
- Clostridia spp
Name 5 Gram Negative bacilli
- Escherichia Coli
- Salmonella Typhi
- Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
- Haemophilus Influenzae
- Klebsiella Pneumoniae
What are virulence factors?
-Anything which aids a pathogens potential to invade and infect a host eg pili, enzymes, capsule
What are the two types of toxins produced by some bacteria? Give an example of each
- Exotoxin eg diphtheria toxin
- Endotoxin eg LPS
State 3 differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
-Prokaryotes -> no membrane bound organelles, circular DNA, 70s ribosomes
Name 2 yeasts and their corresponding infections
- Candida albicans -> thrush
- Pneumocystis Jiroveci -> pneumonia
Name two moulds
- Aspergillis
- Dermatophytes
What type of microrganism causes malaria?
-Protozoan Parasite (plaspodium spp.)
What is an infection and how does it cause disease?
- Invasion of host tissues by micro-organisms
- Disease caused by microbial multiplication, toxins and host response
