Week 1 - Organisation of the Human Body Flashcards
Elements
Made up of atoms of the same type.
Elements don’t often exist naturally, instead
combining with the atoms of other elements to form compounds
Common Elements in the Human Body
Oxygen (65%) > Carbon(18.5%) > Hydrogen(9.5%) > Nitrogen(3.3%)
Matter
Objects that occupy space with discernible mass
Solids
Fixed position and shape
Least kinetic energy from strong intermolecular forces preventing movement
Liquids
Assumes the shape of its container with constant volume
More kinetic energy from weaker intermolecular forces allowing limited movement within its container
Gases
No shape or volume
Highest kinetic energy from weak intermolecular forces allowing larger space between for atoms to move freely
Atom
Smallest stable unit of matter that makes up elements
Protons
Protons have a positive electrical charge and are found in the nucleus of the atom.
The number of protons in the nucleus gives the element its atomic number.
Neurons
Neutrons are electrically neutral, or have no charge, and is found in the nucleus.
Electrons
Electrons have a negative charge and are found in the electron shell orbiting around the nucleus.
Electrons are important in enabling an atom to connect or bond
Molecules
A combination of atoms, usually from more than one element, tightly bound together behaving as a single unit.
Octet Rule
The ideal stable state of an atom has 8 electrons in its outer shell
Chemical Bond
A force or attraction between positive and negative electrical charges that keep two or more atoms closely associated to form a molecule.
Ionic Bond
Ionic Bonds involve the loss of one or more electrons by one atom and the gain of electrons by another.
Ion
When losing or gaining electrons, the charge changes as the number of protons and electrons are no longer the same, creating an Ion
Cation
Positively charged Ion
More protons than electrons
Anion
Negatively charged Ion
More electrons than protons
Covalent Bond
Sharing electrons between atoms
Disulphide bond
Covalent bond between sulphur atoms
Hydrogen bond
Hydrogen atom shares its one electron
Essential in maintaining shape
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates serve as sources of energy in cell respiration.
Carbohydrates contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
Classified under types of
‘Saccharides’
Monosaccharides
Single-sugar compounds
Glucose Fructose Galactose
Glucose
Hexose, six carbon sugar
Fructose and Galactose have the same formula but different arrangement of atoms, changing their shape
Disaccharides
Double sugar compounds
Two monosaccharides linked by a covalent bond
Sucrose
Olgiosaccharides
Consist of 3 to 20 monosaccharides
Found on the outer surface of cell membranes serving as antigens that identify cells as “self”, helping to detect antigens that are “non-self” such as bacteria
Polysaccharides
Made of thousands of glucose molecules bonded differently creating different shapes
Starches are produced by plant cells (Crops like potatoes and wheat)
Glycogen stores excess glucose in the liver and muscles to help regulate blood glucose level
Cellulose is the fiber of plant cells and promotes efficient peristalsis
Lipids
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and sometimes phosphorus
True Fats
Phospholipids
Steroids
True Fats
Made of fatty acids and glycerol
Fatty acids may be saturated (the maximum number of hydrogens) or unsaturated (less than the maximum number of hydrogens)
Triglycerides,
Formed from 3 fatty acids and glycerol
storage form for potential energy in adipose tissue
Phospholipids
Diglycerides that are part of cell membranes
Forms the Myelin Sheath
Steroids
Four Carbon-Hydrogen rings
Cholesterol is the basic steroid which the body uses to manufacture others
Convert to vitamin D, bile salts and precursor for steroid hormones
Proteins
Made from amino acids
Consist of 50 to 100 amino acids in a specific sequence and shape
Amino Acids
Make up proteins
Bond between two amino acids is a peptide bond
Excess amino acids convert to carbs or fat as potential energy
Enzymes
Catalysts that speed up reactions
Synthesis
Decomposition
Energy Production
Cellular Reproduction
Integumentary System
Set of organs forming the outermost layer of an animal’s body comprised of skin, nails, and hair
Provides protection, sense, thermoregulation, and vitamin D synthesis
Skeletal System
Skeleton – bones and joints
Functions: protection, movement, storage of minerals, produce blood cells
Muscular System
Function: Movement/ contraction
Skeletal muscle = voluntary movement
Cardiac muscle = heart
Smooth muscle = involuntary movement
Nervous System
Brain, nerve cells (neurons), glial cells
The brain is the control centre, neurons carry messages, and glial cells are support cells.
Cardiovascular System
Comprised of heart and blood vessels
Carries blood, nutrients and oxygen around the body and removes carbon dioxide and metabolic waste
Digestive System
Breaks down food to allow nutrient absorption
Nutrients used by the body to create energy
Homeostasis
Stimulus: produces change
Receptor: senses change
Control Centre: determines response
Effector: action on initial stimulus
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Response causes the stimulus to decline
Thermoregulation
Positive Feedback Mechanism
Response enhances original stimulus
Lactation, Blood Clotting
Anatomical Position
Assumed position whenever considering directional terms and anatomical sections
Anterior/ Ventral
Front
Posterior/ Dorsal
Back
Superior
Upper body or higher than point of reference
Inferior
Lower body or lower than point of reference
Proximal
Closer to point of origin
Knee is proximal to (closer than) foot
Distal
Further from point of origin
Hand is distal to (further from) elbow
Medial
Towards the Midline of the body
Lateral
Away from the Midline of the body
Ipsilateral
Same side of the body
Right shoulder and right elbow
Contralateral
Opposite side of body
Right shoulder left elbow
Superficial/ External
Closer to body surface
Skin
Deep/ Internal
Further from body surface
Lungs
Frontal/ Coronal Plane
Separates body into front and back portions
Sagittal plane
Separates the body into right and left portions
Midsagittal separates the body into equal sides
Parasagittal separates the body into unequal sides.
Transverse Plane
Separates the body into top and bottom portions
Cross Section
Plane perpendicular to the long axis of an organ
Longitudinal Section
Plane along the long axis of an organ
Dorsal Cavity
Backside of body
Contains the
-Cranial Cavity (brain)
-Spinal Cavity (spine)
Ventral Cavity
Frontside of body
Contains the
-Thoracic Cavity (lungs)
-Pelvic Cavity (bladder, reproductive organs)
-Abdominal cavity (intestines liver etc.) which is often separated into quadrants
