Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

APO510 - MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY > WEEK 1: Nutrient uptake and metabolism > Flashcards

WEEK 1: Nutrient uptake and metabolism Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

what are conditionally-essential nutrients?

A

factors that cannot be synthesized fast enough to support growth or maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what are non-essential nutrients?

A

factors that can be produced by the body/do not have defined issues resulting from deficiency. We don’t have a biological drive to consume these.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

where is the major site of digestion?

A

small intestine. It requires enzymes from the pancreas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

why is mechanical digestion important?

A

it releases nutrients and breaking down matrix structure of food to digest

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what specialist proteins do hydrophilic nutrients require to cross cell membranes to be absorbed? What is this process called?

A

Monosaccharides
Amino acids
Ions

Co-transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

how does the epithelium support the co-transport of proteins?

A

produces sodium ions at a relatively high conc. The cellular conc of sodium ions remains low so the process can continue.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

are lipids hydrophobic or hydrophilic?

A

hydrophobic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is the function of the thoracic duct?

A

it transports lymph back into the circulatory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

hydrophilic factors go straight to the bloodstream. Where do lipid factors go?

A

lymphatic system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is the hepatic portal system?

A

The hepatic portal system is the venous system that returns blood from the digestive tract and spleen to the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

where does the hepatic portal system lead to?

A

the liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

which part of the blood stream do hydrophilic factors go?

A

hepatic portal system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a chylomicron?

A

a large lipoprotein structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is catabolism?

A

Catabolism is the breakdown of absorbed substances to their constituent parts which cause the release of free energy and production of ATP and NADH.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is anabolism?

A

the synthesis of complex molecules, tissues and stores within the body. Requires input of energy to occur.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

name one organ important in nutrient storage?

A

liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a functional pool?

A

where nutrients are put to use, eg iron in rbcs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is a storage pool?

A

where nutrients are stored

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

give an example where functional and storage pools over lap.

A

Calcium is stored in the bones and also utilised there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what stages occur when a nutrient is deficient.

A

low storage levels –> low tissue levels –> poor biochemical function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

at what stage do deficiency symptoms appear?

A

poor biochemical function

22
Q

what 1 vitamin can the body synthesize itself?

A

vitamin D

23
Q

what is a vitamin?

A

Organic compounds that are required in small amounts for the normal functioning of the body and maintenance of metabolic integrity. They mostly cannot be synthesized by the body.

24
Q

what foods are a source of vitamin C?

A

Green vegetables, citrus fruits, potatoes, berries

25
Q

what are some roles of vitamin C? (4)

A

Collagen formation
Formation of adrenaline/noradrenaline
Absorption of iron
Antioxidant defence

26
Q

what are some water soluble vitamins?

A
  • vitamin C
  • vitamin B group, this includes:
    B1
    B2
    Niacin
    Biotin
    Pantothenic acid
    B6
    Folic acid
    B12
27
Q

where are fat soluble vitamins stored?

A

in the liver, along side water soluble B12

28
Q

how are fat-soluble vitamins absorbed?

A

via co-transport alongside dietary fats/lipids

29
Q

what are the fat-soluble vitamins?

A

Vitamin A (retinol, retinal, retinoic acid)
Vitamin D (ergosterol, cholcalciferol)
Vitamin E (tocopherol, tocotrienol)
Vitamin K (phylloquinone, menaquinone)

30
Q

what are some roles of vitamin A? (4)

A

Vision pigment
Epithelial differentiation
Reproduction
Possible antioxidant roles

31
Q

what are some roles of vitamin D? (2)

A

Bone maintenance/calcium homeostasis
Proposed roles in immune/inflammatory response

32
Q

what is the role of vitamin E?

A

Membrane-bound protection against oxidative stress

33
Q

what are some roles of vitamin K? (3)

A

Blood-clotting
Post-translation protein modification
Bone development and health

34
Q

what percentage of vitamins are absorbed in the small intestine?

A

40 - 90 %

35
Q

what do fat-soluble vitamins require to be absorbed?

A

dietary fats

36
Q

what are minerals?

A

elements needed by the body in small amounts for health and maintenance.

37
Q

what amount of major/macro minerals are needed?

A

diet in amounts greater than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts greater than 0.01% of body weight

38
Q

what amount of trace minerals are needed?

A

diet in amounts less than 100 mg per day or are present in the body in amounts less than 0.01% of body weight.

39
Q

is iron a trace mineral or macro mineral?

A

trace mineral

40
Q

where is iron stored?

A

in the liver and enterocytes bound to ferritin

41
Q

what can happen if there is excess or an unbound iron state?

A

toxicity - can induce free radical formation

42
Q

what percentage of dietary Fe is absorbed?

A

~10%

43
Q

which is more readily to be absorbed? Fe3+ or Fe2+?

A

Fe2+ or haem Fe

44
Q

what is transferrin?

A

a protein that transports iron in circulation

45
Q

what processes does iodine deficiency affect?

A

thyroid hormones

46
Q

which thyroid hormones in particular are affected by iodine deficiency?

A

T3 and T4

47
Q

what does the exocrine pancreas digest?

A

macronutrients

48
Q

what does the endocrine pancreas do?

A

helps utilise absorbed macronutrients via insulin and glucagon

49
Q

when there are no energy sources for the body (starvation), what is used as a source?

A

protein in the body starts being utilised

50
Q

insulin drives the synthesis of?…

A

triglycerides

51
Q

how is fructose (sugar) absorbed by the intestine?

A

converted into phosphorylated compounds that enter the glycolytic pathway

52
Q

how is galactose (sugar) absorbed by the intestine?

A

converted into phosphorylated glucose

APO510 - MEDICAL BIOCHEMISTRY (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions