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S4- Neuro 1 > Week 1- Neuroanatomy Review > Flashcards

Week 1- Neuroanatomy Review Flashcards

1
Q

PART 1: DEFINITIONS AND CNS HISTOLOGY

A

PART 1: DEFINITIONS AND CNS HISTOLOGY

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2
Q
  • What makes up the CNS?

- What makes up the PNS?

A
  • Brain and Spinal Cord

- EVERYTHING ELSE

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3
Q

Brain Orientation (above brainstem):

  • Dorsal=_____
  • Ventral=______
  • Rostral=_______
  • Caudal=________
A
  • Dorsal=Top
  • Ventral=Bottom
  • Rostral=Front
  • Caudal=Back
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4
Q

Brain Orientation (below brainstem w/ cerebellum):

  • Dorsal=_____
  • Ventral=______
  • Rostral=_______
  • Caudal=________
A
  • Dorsal=Back
  • Ventral=Front
  • Rostral=Top
  • Caudal=Bottom
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5
Q

Describe the 3 planes.

A
  • Horizontal- divides into top and bottom
  • Coronal- divides into front and back
  • Sagittal- divides into L and R
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6
Q

What is the functional unit of the brain?

A

Neuron

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7
Q

What are the (5) parts of the Neuron?

A
  • Soma
  • Dendrites
  • Axon Hillock
  • Axon (myelin sheath and Nodes of Ranvier)
  • Terminal Branches
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8
Q

What is the job of the dendrites?

A

Receive information from neighboring neurons.

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9
Q

What is the job of the soma?

A

Takes info from dendrites and organize it.

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10
Q

What is the job of the axon hillock?

A

Gateway to the axon, decides whether or not it wants to propagate signal (AP).

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11
Q

What is the job of the axon?

A

Myelin sheath crucial to act as insulator/conductor for the signal (increasing speed). AP jumps between Nodes of Ranvier.

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12
Q

What are the glial cells function?

A

Support cells to our neurons that help make them what they are.

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13
Q

What are the (4) types of glial cells?

A
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Astrocytes
  • Ependymal Cells
  • Microglia
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14
Q

What is the job of the oligodendrocytes?

A

Create myelin (PNS equivalent=Schwann cells)

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15
Q

What is the job of the astrocytes?

A

Support cells, remove waste, regulate intracellular CA2+ levels

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16
Q

What is the job of the ependymal cells?

A

Lines ventricle walls, produces CSF

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17
Q

What is the job of the microglia?

A

Remove foreign bodies (Macrophages of CNS)

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18
Q

What is the biggest difference between oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells?

A

One oligodendrocyte can produce myelin at multiple cells along an axon and at multiple axons. One Schwann cell creates one area of myelinization.

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19
Q

Describe the (4) steps of Neural Communication.

A
  1. ) Presynaptic AP leads to opening of NT channels on axon terminal.
  2. ) Vesicles containing NTs release into synaptic cleft.
  3. ) NT binds with postsynaptic protein receptor.
  4. ) Receptors open, allowing NTs to enter post synaptic neuron and propagate another AP to travel down postsynaptic axon.
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20
Q

Action Potential:

  • RMP=___mV
  • Graded Potential can be up to ___mV
  • Depolarization adds ______ charges which ______ the neuron.
  • Hyperpolarization adds ______ charges which ______ the nueron.
A
  • -70mV
  • 15mV (either + or -)
  • positive, EXCITE
  • negative, INHIBIT
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21
Q

The action potential is a ____________ principle and will occur at ____mV.

A
  • all or nothing

- -55mV

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22
Q

Signal Conductions depends on what (3) things?

A
  • Fiber diameter
  • Presence of myelin
  • Thickness of myelin
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23
Q

-List the Fiber Types by Conduction Velocity and Fiber Diameter in order of speed (fastest to slowest).

A

Conduction Velocity:
-Aα, Aβ, Aγ, Aδ, B, C

Fiber Diameter:
-Ia, Ib, II, III, IV

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24
Q

PART 2: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

A

PART 2: PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM

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25
Q

The PNS is divided into what 2 parts? Explain each.

A

Somatic Nervous System:

  • VOLUNTARY movement that has both a sensory (afferent) and motor (efferent) portion.
  • Involves Spinal and Cranial nerves.

Autonomic Nervous System:
-INVOLUNTARY control of autonomic processes via sympathetic (arousing) and parasympathetic (calming) divisions.

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26
Q

The Somatic Nervous System is compossed of Cranial and Spinal Nerves which can be classified in what (3) ways?

A
  • Motor
  • Sensory
  • Mixed
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27
Q

How many spinal nerves do we have?

A

31

  • (8) Cervical
  • (12) Thoracic
  • (5) Lumbar
  • (5) Sacral
  • (1) Coccygeal
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28
Q
  • What is the NMJ?

- What is the driving NT?

A
  • Synapse between motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers.

- ACh

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29
Q

What is a Motor Unit?

A

-A motor neuron and the skeletal muscle fibers innervated by its terminals.

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30
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System controls involuntary functions mediated by the activity of what (3) things?

A
  • Smooth muscle fibers
  • Cardiac muscle fibers
  • Glands
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31
Q

The Autonomic Nervous System is controlled by what (4) structures?

A
  • Limbic system
  • Hypothalamus
  • Brainstem/Reticular Formation
  • Spinal Cord (T1-L2, S1-S3)
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32
Q
  • Sympathetic = __________
  • Parasympathetic = ___________

-Are sympathetic or parasympathetic responses longer lasting?

A
  • fight or flight
  • rest and digest

-sympathetic

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33
Q
  • When a reflex arc consists of only two neurons, one sensory neuron, and one motor neuron, it is defined as ________ reflex.
  • When one or more interneurons connect afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) signals, it is defined as _________ reflex.
A
  • monosynaptic

- polysynaptic

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34
Q

Which type of reflex provides rapid feedback on motor control?

A

Monosynaptic reflexes

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35
Q

Normally, the descending drive from the cortex on reflexes is __________.

A

inhibitory

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36
Q

PART 3: MENINGES, BLOOD SUPPLY, AND CSF

A

PART 3: MENINGES, BLOOD SUPPLY, AND CSF

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37
Q

What are Meninges?

A

3 layers that surround the brain and spinal cord that primarily function to protect and provide structural support.

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38
Q

What are the (3) layers and (3) spaces of the meninges from outside in?

A
  • Epidural Space
  • Dura Mater
  • Subdural Space
  • Arachnoid Mater
  • Subarachnoid Space
  • Pia Mater
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39
Q
  • What is found in the subdural space?

- What is found in the subarachnoid space?

A
  • bridging veins and interstitial fluid

- CSF

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40
Q

CNS Blood Supply:

  • Our posterior circulation comes from the ________ artery.
  • Our anterior circulation comes from __________ → _________
A
  • Vertebral Artery

- Common Carotid Artery → Internal Carotid Artery

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41
Q

What are the branches of the Internal Carotid Arteries that provide Anterior Blood Supply?

A
  • Opthalmic Arteries
  • Posterior Communicating Artery
  • Anterior Choroidal Arteries
  • Anterior Cerebral Arteries (Anterior communicating and Recurrent artery of Heubner)
  • Middle Cerebral Arteries (Lenticulostriate arteries)
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42
Q

The Anterior Blood Supply has nothing to do with the ________, only really supplies the _______.

A
  • brainstem

- cortex

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43
Q

The Posterior Blood Supply comes from branches of the _______ and _________ arteries.

A
  • Vertebral

- Basilar

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44
Q

What are the branches of the Vertebral Artery?

A
  • Anterior Spinal Arteries
  • Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
  • Posterior Spinal Arteries
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45
Q

What are the branches of the Basilar Artery?

A
  • Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Arteries
  • Labyrinthine Arteries
  • Pontine Arteries
  • Superior Cerebellar Arteries
  • Posterior Cerebral Arteries
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46
Q

The Posterior Blood Supply is where the _________ structures get their blood supply from.

A

Brainstem and Cerebellum

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47
Q
  • What is the purpose of the Circle of Willis?

- What (4) structures make up the Circle of Willis?

A

-Provides opportunities for collateral blood flow, protecting from ischemia.

  • Anterior Communicating Artery
  • Anterior Cerebral Arteries
  • Posterior Communicating Arteries
  • Posterior Cerebral Arteries
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48
Q

A complete full-caliber ring is present in only __% of individuals.

A

34%

49
Q

Anterior Cerebral Artery:

  • The ACA travels in the ________ fissure above the ____________.
  • It supplies the medial aspects of the _______ and _________ lobes.
  • Deeper branches of the ACA go to the __________ and _______ regions.
A
  • longitudinal, corpus callosum
  • frontal and parietal
  • basal nucleus and limbic regions
50
Q

Medial Cerebral Artery:

  • Supplies lateral ______, ________, and ______ lobes.
  • Supplies medial and lateral _______ lobe.
  • Also supplies ______ and subcortical structures such as what?
A
  • lateral frontal, parietal, and occipital lobe
  • medial and lateral temporal lobe
  • insula; basal ganglia, internal capsule, limbic structures
51
Q
  • __________ arteries are tiny branches that come off of the MCA and are highly susceptible to what?
  • What structures do they supply?
A
  • Lenticulostriate Arteries, HTN

- Internal Capsule, Basal Ganglia

52
Q

Posterior Cerebral Artery:

  • What cortical structures are supplied by the PCA?
  • What subcortical structures are supplied by the PCA?
A
  • Medial and inferior Occipital Lobe, Inferior Temporal Lobe

- Midbrain, Subthalamus, Thalamus

53
Q

What are the (4) largest branches that provide brainstem circulation?

A
  • Posterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (PICA)
  • Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA)
  • Superior Cerebellar Artery (SCA)
  • Posterior Cerebral Artery (PCA)
54
Q
  • There is __ anterior spinal artery(ies) and __ posterior spinal artery(ies) that supply the spinal cord.
  • The _________ spinal artery provides 2/3 of the vascularization of the spinal cord.
A
  • 1, 2

- anterior

55
Q

CSF is derived from blood plasma and is created in the ________ plexus by ________ cells.

A
  • choroid

- ependymal cells

56
Q

What are the (4) functions of the CSF?

A
  • Buoyancy
  • Protection
  • Homeostasis
  • Waste Clearance
57
Q
  • What is the normal total volume of CSF?

- What is the CSF production rate?

A
  • 150cc

- 20cc/hour

58
Q

What are the ventricles from top to bottom?

A
  • Lateral Ventricles (anterior, posterior, inferior horn)
  • Third Ventricle
  • Cerebral Aqueduct
  • Fourth Ventricle
  • Central Canal (spinal cord)
59
Q

PART 4: CEREBRUM AND BRAINSTEM

A

PART 4: CEREBRUM AND BRAINSTEM

60
Q

What are the (4) lobes of the cerebrum?

A
  • Frontal
  • Parietal
  • Temporal
  • Occipital
61
Q

What are the functions of the frontal lobe?

A
  • Higher executive function including emotional regulation, planning, reasoning, attention, and problem solving.
  • Primary and Supplementary Motor Regions
  • Supplementary Speech Regions
62
Q

What are the functions of the parietal lobe?

A
  • Primary and Supplementary Somatosensory Regions
  • Perceptual Integration (non-dominant)
  • Visual Processing Regions (“where?”)
  • Supplementary Speech Regions (dominant)
63
Q

What are the functions of the temporal lobe?

A
  • Primary Auditory Center
  • Visual Processing Regions (“what?”)
  • Memory
64
Q

What are the functions of the occipital lobe?

A

-Primary Visual Center

65
Q

All lobes have a _______ cortex.

A

Primary

  • Frontal=Motor
  • Parietal=Somatosensory
  • Temporal=Auditory
  • Occipital=Visual
66
Q

___________ is a somatotopic arrangement of primary motor and sensory strips in the brain.

A

Homunculus

67
Q

Association cortices can be divided into _______ or _________.

A

unimodal or heteromodal

68
Q

___________ association cortexes are modality specific while ________ are higher-order mental functions.

A
  • Unimodal

- Heteromodal

69
Q

What are (4) unimodal association cortices?

A
  • Motor Association Cortex (premotor and supplemental motor areas)
  • Somatosensory Association Cortex
  • Visual Association Cortex
  • Auditory Association Cortex
70
Q

Which hemisphere of the brain provides:

  • Analytical thought
  • Logic, reasoning
  • Language centers

Which hemisphere of the brain provides:

  • Perceptual integration
  • Imagination
  • Insight
  • Intuition
  • Creativity
  • Emotional drive
A
  • Left

- Right

71
Q

What are the (3) parts of the brainstem?

A
  • Midbrain
  • Pons
  • Medulla
72
Q

What are some important structures of the midbrain and their functions?

A
  • Superior colliculi- Receives info from environment and uses the info to initiate an appropriate behavioral response.
  • Inferior colliculi- Role in hearing, where all auditory pathways travel through and converge.
  • Red Nucleus- Motor function and coordination.
  • Raphe Nucleus- Serotonin producing station.
  • Ventral Tegmentum Area- Dopamine producing station.
73
Q
  • Pons is a “bridge” between the _________ and brainstem/cortex and acts as a relay station via the superior, middle, and inferior cerebellar __________.
  • The pons makes up the floor of the ____ ventricle.
A
  • cerebellum, peduncles

- 4th

74
Q

The medulla plays an important role in __________ and ____________ function.

A

cardiovascular and respiratory

75
Q

Where do 90% of corticospinal tracts cross in the medulla?

A

Pyramidal decussation

76
Q
  • Nucleus cutaneous function?

- Nucleus gracilis function?

A
  • Receives sensory input about position and movement (proprioception) from the upper limb.
  • Participates in the sensation of fine touch and proprioception of the lower body.
77
Q

Cranial Nerve nuclei lie within the __________.

A

brainstem

78
Q

Cranial Nerves and their function?

A
  • I (Olfactory) = Smell
  • II (Optic) = Visual Acuity, color discrimination, field cuts, pupillary response to light accommodation (II and III)
  • III (Oculomotor) = Extra-ocular movement: elevation, depression, adduction, Pupillary response to light accommodation (II and III)
  • IV (Trochlear) = Extra-ocular movement: Depression/intorsion
  • V (Trigeminal) = Facial sensation, muscles of mastication, Corneal Reflex (V and VII)
  • VI (Abducens) = Extra-ocular movement: abduction
  • VII (Facial) = Muscles of facial expressions, secretomotor fibers to lacrimal and salivary glands, Corneal Reflex (V and VII)
  • VIII (Vestibulocochlear) = Hearing, Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex (VOR)
  • IX (Glossopharyngeal) = Palatal activation, Gag Reflex (IX and X)
  • X (Vagus) = Visceral afferents, Gag Reflex (IX and X)
  • XI (Spinal Accessory) = SCM and UTrap activation
  • XII (Hypoglossal) = Tongue muscles
79
Q

The ________________ maintains an alert conscious state in the forebrain via RAS. It works with CN nuclei and spinal cord to modulate important motor, reflex, and autonomic functions.

A

Reticular Formation

80
Q

Does the reticular formation receive afferent or efferent input?

A

both afferent and efferent

81
Q

PART 5: ASCENDING AND DESCENDING TRACTS, BASAL GANGLIA, CEREBELLUM

A

PART 5: ASCENDING AND DESCENDING TRACTS, BASAL GANGLIA, CEREBELLUM

82
Q

What are the (6) ascending tracts?

A
  • Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus
  • Trigeminothalamic
  • Spinothalamic
  • Trigeminothalamic
  • Spinoreticular
  • Spinomesencephalic
83
Q

Dorsal Column/Medial Lemniscus:

  • The DCML contains the ______ tract (LE) and _______ tract (UE).
  • What are the functions of this tract?
  • What is the pathway of this tract?
  • Where does it cross?
A
  • gracile tract (LE) and cuneate tract (UE)
  • light touch, discrimination, proprioception, kinesthesia, vibration
  • Spinal Cord → VPL thalamus → Primary Somatosensory Cortex
  • caudal medulla
84
Q

Trigeminothalamic System:

  • What are the functions of this tract?
  • What is the pathway of this tract?
  • Where does it cross?
A
  • light touch, discrimination, proprioception, kinesthesia, vibration of face
  • Spinal Cord → VPM thalamus → Primary Somatosensory Cortex
  • medulla
85
Q

Why do we not have facial sensation loss if we have a spinal cord stroke?

A

The trigeminothalamic tract enters at the level of the pons and is not at the level of the spine.

86
Q

What are the (4) tracts of the anterolateral system?

A
  • Spinothalamic
  • Trigeminothalamic
  • Spinoreticular
  • Spinomesencephalic
87
Q

The anterolateral system has what functions?

A

-pain, temperature, crude touch

88
Q
  • Spinothalimic = pain, temp, crude touch from ______.

- Trigeminothalamic = pain, temp, crude touch from _____.

A
  • body

- face

89
Q

The __________ tract involves the emotional and arousal aspects of pain.

A

spinoreticular

90
Q

The ______________ tract is the central modulation of pain.

A

spinomesencephalic

91
Q

What is the pathway of the anterolateral system?

A

-Spinal Cord → VPL thalamus → Primary Somatosensory Cortex

92
Q

What structure is significantly important as a relay and processing station mainly for sensory info, but also motor inputs from the cerebellum and basal ganglia, limbic inputs, and reticular inputs?

A

Thalamus

93
Q

What are the (4) Motor Subsystems?

A
  • Segmental Circuits (spinal cord and brainstem)
  • Descending Pathways (cortex and brainstem)
  • Basal Ganglia
  • Cerebellum
94
Q

What are the (5) descending tracts?

A
  • Corticospinal (lateral and anterior)
  • Rubrospinal
  • Vestibulospinal
  • Tectospinal
  • Reticulospinal
95
Q

Corticospinal Tract:

  • 90% of the corticospinal tract is the ________ corticospinal tract.
  • Where does this tract cross?
  • What is its function?
A
  • lateral corticospinal tract
  • crosses at the pyramidal decussation
  • motor function of contralateral extremities
96
Q

Corticospinal Tract:

  • 10% of the corticospinal tract is the _________ corticospinal tract.
  • Where does this tract cross?
  • What is its function?
A
  • anterior corticospinal tract
  • does not cross
  • motor function of BILATERAL axial and girdle muscles
97
Q

Why is it important that the anterior corticospinal tract has bilateral function of axial and girdle muscles.

A

If you have a stroke on one side, axial and girdle muscles will be spared due to bilateral innervation.

98
Q

Rubrospinal Tract:

  • Where does this tract originate?
  • Where does this tract cross?
  • What is its function?
A
  • red nucleus of midbrain
  • midbrain
  • motor function and tone regulation of contralateral extremities, particularly FLEXOR muscle groups
99
Q

Vestibulospinal Tract:

  • Function of the Medial VST?
  • Function of the Lateral VST?
A
  • Medial VST = positioning of head/neck

- Lateral VST = trunk control/balance

100
Q

Tectospinal Tract:

  • Where does this tract cross?
  • What is its function?
A
  • midbrain

- coordination of head and eye movements

101
Q

Reticulospinal Tract:

  • Where does this tract originate?
  • Function of the Medial (Pontine) RST?
  • Function of the Lateral (Medullary) RST?
A
  • reticular formation
  • Medial RST = axial and extensor motor neurons, postural support
  • Lateral RST = flexor motor neurons
102
Q

The basal ganglia is a group of structures deep in the cortex that include what (4) primary structures.

A
  • caudate nucleus
  • putamen
  • striatum
  • globus pallidus
103
Q

What is the main function of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Regulation of upper motor neuronal circuits.

- INITIATION and EXECUTION of movement, prevention of unwanted movement.

104
Q

What are the additional roles of the basal ganglia?

A
  • Goal-directed behavior loop
  • Social behavior loop
  • Emotion loop
105
Q

The Cerebellum is separated into R/L hemispheres by the _________.

A

-vermis

106
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the cerebellum?

A
  • Anterior Lobe / Spinocerebellum
  • Posterior Lobe / Cerebrocerebellum
  • Flocculonodular Lobe / Vestibulocerebellum
107
Q

What are the main functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • Coordination (limb, trunk, occulomotor)
  • Movement planning, control, and feedback
  • Motor Learning
  • Postural Control/Balance
  • VOR Suppression
  • Muscle Tone
108
Q

PART 6: LIMBIC SYSTEM, VISUAL SYSTEM, VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

A

PART 6: LIMBIC SYSTEM, VISUAL SYSTEM, VESTIBULAR SYSTEM

109
Q

What is the main thing the limbic system does?

A

Regulate emotion and memory.

110
Q

Limbic system H.O.M.E pneumonic meaning and structures involved.

A
  • H= Homeostasis (Hypothalamus)
  • O= Olfaction (Olfactory Cortex)
  • M= Memory (Hippocampal Formation)
  • E= Emotion and Drives (Amygdala)
111
Q

Hypothalamus functions H.E.A.L pneumatic.

A
  • H= HOMEOSTASIS
  • E= Endocrine control via pituitary gland
  • A= Autonomic Control
  • L= Limbic Mechanisms
112
Q

What CN conveys visual information to the cortex?

A

CN II

113
Q

What CN is responsible for pupillary response to light reflex?

A

CN II and III

114
Q

What CNs are involved in extra-ocular eye movements and what movements do they do?

A
  • CN III= up, down, medially; eyelid elevation
  • CN IV= down and in
  • CN VI= laterally
115
Q

What are the (3) primary functions of the vestibular system?

A
  • Stabilize visual images on the fovea of the retina during head movement to allow for clear vision
  • Maintain postural stability, especially during movement of head
  • Provide information for spatial orientation
116
Q

What are the (3) key reflexes of the vestibular nuclei and their functions?

A
  • Vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) = ability to keep eyes forward as head moves
  • Vestibuospinal reflex (VSR) = in charge of anti-gravity muscles for postural adjustments
  • Vestibulocollic reflex (VCR) = control head/neck relationship to the rest of the body
117
Q

What are the (4) components of the central vestibular system?

A
  • Vestibular Nuclei
  • Vestibular Tracts
  • Vestibulocerebellum
  • Vestibular Cortex
118
Q

What are the (3) regions of the vestibular cortex and their functions?

A
  • Parieto-Insular Vestibular Cortex (PIVC) = recieves input from cerebellum and labyrinth, vestibular nuclei via the thalamus
  • Medial Superior Temporal Region = visuo-vestibular integration and self-motion perception
  • Ventral Intraparietal Region = Multisensory spatial coding; proprioceptive, auditory, visual, tactile

S4- Neuro 1 (12 decks)

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