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S4- Neuro 1 > Final Study > Flashcards

Final Study Flashcards

1
Q

PART 1: ASSESSMENT TOOLS

A

PART 1: ASSESSMENT TOOLS

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2
Q

BOT-2:

  • What population would this be used for?
  • What age group would this be used for?
  • What is the purpose of this tool?
A
  • pediatric disorders/motor delay
  • 4-21 years old
  • Assesses fine motor (coordination of UE, speed of response, visuomotor control, speed, and dexterity of limbs) and gross motor (speed and agility while turning, balance, bilateral coordination, strength).
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3
Q

PDMS-2:

  • What population would this be used for?
  • What age group would this be used for?
  • What is the purpose of this tool?
A
  • pediatric disorders/motor delay
  • birth-71 months
  • Determine level of motor skills acquisition, detect small changes in motor development in children with known delays or disabilities and assist in programming for children with disabilities.
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4
Q

AIMS:

  • What population would this be used for?
  • What age group would this be used for?
  • What is the purpose of this tool?
A
  • prematurity, DS, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, seizures, CBPI
  • birth-18 months
  • Identify infants and toddlers with gross motor delay and evaluate gross motor skill maturation over time
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5
Q

What is the difference between a criterion referenced test and a standardized test?

A
  • Criterion referenced tests compare the performance of the infant or child with external criteria or standards. It is most appropriate for evaluation of the effects of PT.
  • Standardized tests are intended to differentiate between those persons who are normal and healthy in a particular respect from those who are not. It is usually done at regular intervals to identify the risk for dysfunction in specific categories of children or an individual child.
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6
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11
Q

What does an age equivalent score mean?

Provide an example.

A

Mean chronological age represented by a certain test score.

(For example, if your 9-year-old child scores a 42 raw score on a test, and that score is average for 8-year-olds, their age equivalent score would be 8.)

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12
Q
  • How do we find out the chronological age?
  • How do we find out the corrected age?

-List the 5 things in order.

A
  • date tested - DOB
  • chronological age - prematurity age

-Date Tested, DOB, Chronological Age, Prematurity Adjustment, Corrected Age

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13
Q

PART 2: NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

A

PART 2: NORMAL DEVELOPMENT

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14
Q

Newborn Supine:

  • Head __________
  • ________ reflex – stroke side of face, baby will turn head to look for something to suck on
  • Neonatal _____ ________ – head and body turn together

Newborn Prone:

  • WB through upper ______, _______, _______
  • Lifts head to clear ________

Newborn Supported Sit:

  • Fleeting attempts to lift ________
  • _______ rounded but _______ perpendicular

Newborn UE:

  • Hands open as arms _______; _______ grasp but hand loosely flexed at rest
  • Resting: Slight shoulder ______, elbow ____, ____nation

Newborn LE:

  • Vigorous, rhythmical __________ ______
  • Automatic ___________ and ___________
  • Biomechanical aspects to undo: Femoral medial torsion/anteversion/bowing/coxa valga, shallow acetabulum, tibial torsion and varum, calcaneal varus, forefoot varus, occasional metatarsal adduction

Newborn Vision:

  • Fixate easiest on _________ and _________ moving targets
  • Prefer _________ contrast
  • Best at ___-___ inches away
A

Supine:

  • rotated
  • rooting reflex
  • neck righting

Prone:

  • trunk, shoulders, and head
  • airway

Supported Sit:

  • head
  • back rounded, pelvis perpendicular

UE:

  • ABD, strong grasp
  • ADD, flexion, pronation

LE:

  • reciprocal kicking
  • standing and stepping

Vision:

  • laterally and vertically
  • strong
  • 8-9 inches
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15
Q

1-2 Months General Notes:

  • Decreased physiological flexion due to effects of _________.
  • Relative __________ and asymmetry.
  • Beginning of active ________ control.
  • Increased alertness and visual awareness leading to more _________ head movement.
A
  • gravity
  • hypotonia
  • postural
  • purposeful
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16
Q

1-2 Months Supine:

  • ___________ cervical rotation w/ movement of extremities away from body
  • _______ (_________ ________ _____ ______) may appear – “fencing posture” (arms on face side have extension and skull side has flexion)
  • Head rarely in ________

1-2 Months Prone:

  • Better head lift – ___ deg
  • Elbows _________ shoulders
  • Increased head/neck __________ muscles
  • Decreased hip ________

1-2 Months Supported Sit:

  • Begin to see scapular ______* to assist w/ head lift
  • During pull to sit, head lags but may see _______ reflex traction response w/ elbow FL

1-2 Months Supported Stand:
-_______ _______ – motor incoordination for standing and walking

1-2 Months UE:

  • ________ in supine
  • Grasp reflex __________
  • Bilateral scapular __________ and spinal ________ provide synergistic stability for head lifting

1-2 Months LE:
Kicking may be _________ and __________, feet come together

A

Supine:

  • increased
  • ATNR (asymmetrical tonic neck reflex)
  • midline

Prone:

  • 45 degrees
  • behind
  • extensor
  • flexion

Supported Sit:

  • ADD
  • grasp

Supported Stand:
-astasia abasia

UE:

  • swimming
  • decreased
  • scapular retraction and spinal EXT

LE
-bilateral and symmetrical

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17
Q

3 Months General Notes:

  • Alert and aware.
  • Interacts _______ with caregivers.
  • _______ and __________ orientation begin.
  • Marked increase in bilateral symmetrical activity and _________ flexor control.
A
  • visually
  • symmetry and midline
  • antigravity
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18
Q

3 Months Supine:

  • ________ and _________ become dominant
  • ______ tuck – bilateral control of capital + cervical FL muscles
  • ______ to _______ play, increased active knee EXT, hip ext/ADD, and decreased ER

3 Month Prone:

  • Sustain prone on elbows w/ head elevated __-__deg in midline
  • Rotated head while elevated- subtle ______ shifts
  • Increased ________ weight shift – lumbar EXT help stabilize thorax

3 Months Supported Sit:
-Sustained _______ lift

3 Months Pull to Sit:
-Head ________ midway

3 Months Standing:
-_______ _______ usually gone, able to sustain head lift, scapular ADD, toe curling, plantar grasp reflex, WB on medial side of foot, able to track _____ deg w/ head extended, eye hand regard

A

Supine:

  • symmetry and midline
  • chin tuck
  • foot to foot

Prone:

  • 45-90 degrees
  • weight shifts
  • caudal

Supported Sit:
-head

Pull to Sit:
-rights

Standing:

  • Astasia abasia
  • 180
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19
Q

4 Months General Notes:

  • Beginning of controlled _________ movements and ____________ coordinated movements.
  • Easily alternate between _____/______ in supine and prone.
  • Visual tracking ________ head turning.
  • Development of _________ visual gaze.
A
  • purposeful, alternating
  • flex/ext
  • without
  • downward
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20
Q

4 Months Supine:

  • Increased hip _____ and ______
  • Alternate b/w ant and post _______ _____*
  • Hands to _______
  • Begin to see ankle ___, inv/ev

4 Months Prone:

  • Head EXT at 90 deg, pivot prone, prone on _________ UE*
  • ________ – hold baby under tummy they will EXT head and legs
  • Increased _________
  • Able to _____ head w/o collapsing
  • Increased activity of adductors, erector spinae, and obliques
  • Weight on _________, pecs more active and begin to balance EXT

4 Months UE:
-________ in supine, wrist EXT, primitive ulnar grasp (pinky), can bring hands together, cannot release with control, ______/______/_______ objects

4 Months LE:
-Side lying – baby may roll from supine w/ hands on knees, initiated w/ head rotation and symmetrical FL, important for rib cage ________

A

Supine:

  • Ext and ADD
  • pelvic tilt
  • knees
  • PF

Prone:

  • extended
  • Landau
  • lordosis
  • flex
  • forearms

UE:

  • reach
  • shakes/bangs/mouths

LE:
-shaping

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21
Q

5 Months General Notes:

  • Voluntary asymmetrical, ____________, and reciprocal movements.
  • Balance of FL and EXT w/ emergence of _______ FL. -Increased ________ mobility.
A
  • dissociated
  • lateral flex
  • spinal
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22
Q

5 Months Supine:

  • Feet to _______
  • ______ head if hand held
  • Rolls to _______

5 Months Prone:

  • Lateral weight shift in POE (_______ __ ________) – frees face side hand for reach (precursor for crawling)
  • May push up on _______
  • Rolls to _________

5 Months Supported Sitting:

  • ______ sits
  • Props on _______

5 Months Sidelying:

  • First __________ then __________
  • Momentary _________ flexion of head

5 Months UE:

  • ________ grasp
  • Occasionally manipulates and transfers
  • Brings ______ to ________ rather than mouth to toy
  • Grabs, mouths, bands, shakes toys
A

Supine:

  • mouth
  • Flexes
  • side

Prone:

  • prone on elbows
  • hands
  • supine

Supported Sitting

  • ring sits
  • hands

Sidelying:

  • symmetrical then asymmetrical
  • lateral

UE:

  • Palmar
  • toy to mouth
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23
Q

6 Months General Notes:

  • More active, uses less ________ stability.
  • Good head control in ____/_____/________.
  • LEs gain ________ control.
  • Beginning to respond to ________ WS with rotation.
  • ________ sitting.
A
  • positional
  • flex/ext/lat flex
  • extensor
  • diagonal WS
  • independent
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24
Q

6 Months Supine:

  • _______ head
  • Legs extend w/ PTS (pull to sit)
  • Rolls to _______
  • Lots of playing with _______ in air

6 Months Prone:

  • Mature ________ but EXT balance w/ FL
  • Prone on _________ arms, pivoting (circle on belly)
  • Pushing backwards, may assume __________

6 Months Sitting:
-Positional stability of legs, protective ____ of arms forwards

6 Months Standing:
-Sufficient hip and trunk control to independently hold on to support of person, may ________, legs _____

6 Months UE:

  • Increased ________ control provides synergistic stabilization to thorax during humeral movements, serratus ant provides stabilization for scapula.
  • RTC, delts, and pec major dynamically stabilize humerus for _________
  • More precise reaching, cross midline
  • Forearm still ___nation
  • Palmar and Radial palmar grasp.

6 Months LE:

  • Hips more _____ with less ___
  • LEs respond to lateral WS w/ ___________ (legs can do diff things)
  • In prone, ____ side extends, adducts, IR (Non-WB side flexes, abducts, and ER, pelvis lateral FL and backward rotation)
  • Importance of hip IR and elongation of hip ABD for _____
A

Supine:

  • lifts
  • prone
  • feet

Prone:

  • landau
  • extended
  • quadruped

Sitting:
-ext

Standing:
-may bounce, legs ABD

UE:

  • abdominal
  • reaching
  • pronation

LE:

  • ADD with less ER
  • dissociation
  • WB side
  • WS
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25
Q

7 Months General Notes:

  • ______ of movement.
  • More incentive, desire, and capability to move into the _________.
  • Transition from _____ to _____.
  • Assumption of quad from _______.
  • ________ in quad with hips abducted.
  • May assume _____ standing.
A
  • variety
  • environment
  • quad to sit
  • prone
  • lordosis
  • bear standing
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26
Q

7 Months Sitting:

  • Sitting assumed from _____
  • Able to rotate _______
  • Legs ______ and _____
  • Trunk straight, may see slight __________
  • ______ free to play
  • Protective extension ________

7 Months Pull to Stand:
-At first using a __________ pattern and then _____ _________

A

Sitting:

  • quad
  • trunk
  • ABD and ER
  • lordosis
  • arms
  • sideways

Pull to Stand:
-symmetrical pattern then half kneeling

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27
Q

8 Months General Notes:

  • _______ is the preferred position for play, _______ for mobility.
  • May begin ________ on furniture/stairs.
  • Play in ________, relying on UE for stability, hips and knees flexed, ankles DF.
A
  • sitting, creeping
  • climbing
  • kneeling
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28
Q

8 Months Sitting:
Trunk and pelvic-femoral muscles provide sufficient stability to play w/ different ___ positions, progress to long sit, half long sit, side sit.

8 Months Quadruped:
Beginning of ___________, ________, and _________ control

8 Months Climbing:
Indication of _________ solving

8 Months Standing:
Still need ____s to stabilize, LEs abducted, but may release one hand and ______ out in space. Cruising sideways.

8 Month Lower to Floor from Standing:
-How low they get before falling is an indicator of eccentric ______ control

8 Month Walk with Hand Held:
-_________ gait (hip FL, ABD, ER during swing) leads by leaning trunk forward, not yet using active LE weight shifts

A

Sitting:
-LE

Quadruped:
-equilibrium, crawling, and diagonal control

Climbing:
-problem solving

Standing
-UEs, reach

Lower to Floor From Standing:
-quad

Walk with Hand Held:
-Steppage gait

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29
Q

9 Months General Notes:

  • Variety and versatility.
  • Good ______ control.
  • Strong desire to ______ and ______.
  • More refined _______.
  • Increased control of hip _____/______.
  • Closer alignment of LE with trunk during _____ ______ WB.
A
  • trunk
  • stand and walk
  • cruising
  • ABD/ADD
  • single limb WB
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30
Q

9 Months Kneeling:
-Independent kneeling with more active hip _________.

9 Months LE:
-More active during pull to ________

9 Months Cruising:
-Semi turns towards direction moving

A

Kneeling:
-extension

LE:
-stand

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31
Q

10 Months General Notes:

-______, ______, _________

A

busy, active, exploring

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32
Q

10 Months UE:

  • ________ play - in/out, practicing release
  • __-_____ chuck, ________
  • _______ gestures
  • Reaches across _________

10 Months Cruising:

  • ____-_______ motion of hips, may cross open spaces.
  • Cruise around corners, different heights

10 Months Supported Walking:
-scapula ______, trunk _____, _________ pelvic tilt

10 Months Standing:

  • __________ ankle movement in standing.
  • ______ standing
A

UE:

  • container
  • 3-jaw chuck, pincer
  • mimics
  • midline

Cruising:
-Tri-planar

Supported Walking:
-ADD, Ext, anterior

Standing:

  • increased
  • toe standing
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33
Q

11 Months General Notes:

  • Stands _____ when absorbed in a task.
  • Walks with _____ hand held.
  • Assumes _________.
  • _________ with weight posterior and minimal ankle DF.
  • Hip Ext, abdominals, quads, and ankle DF work in synergy.
A
  • alone
  • one hand held
  • standing
  • squatting
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34
Q

11 Months Rise to Stand:
-Symmetrical extension at ______ and _______ while ankles stabilize
11 Months UE:
-More control of ________, neat pincer

A

Rise to Stand:
-hips and knees

UE:
-release

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35
Q

12 Months General Notes:

  • Basic _____ skills present.
  • ________ standing with _____ BOS, may begin to use hands more.
  • Increased LE dissociation, greater skill in planning, organizing, and executing climbing activities.
  • Most walk __________.
A
  • motor
  • independent standing with wide BOS
  • independently
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36
Q

Reaching/Grasping in Children:
_____: ability to locate objects in space and transport the arm
__-__ months: extension of arm/opening of hand, difficulty with grasping
___ months: head arm movements coupled then uncoupled to allow for more flexibility
___ months: beginning of postural stability (stable base for moving)
___ months: reaching is more refined; approach path straightens, number of segments of the reach decreases
__-__ months: more accurate reaching and grasp
___ months: visually guided reaching
__-__ months: pincer grasp
___ months: higher cognitive aspects of reach/grasp
__-__ years: reaction time reduces up to this point

A
  • birth
  • 0-2m
  • 2m
  • 4m
  • 4m
  • 4-5m
  • 5m
  • 9-13m
  • 12m
  • 16-17 years
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37
Q

Reaching/Grasping in Older Adults:
-_____ related changes (slowing of onset latencies for postural response, decreased movement speed)
-___________ factors (related to changes in movement or muscle activation patterns)
-Changes in the use of __________ and ____________control of both postural and mobility skills
-Discrete reaching slows __-__% in velocity (depending on task)
-Changes in reaching coordination (more time in ____________ phase)
-More ________ tasks 🡪 more age related changes
-Decreased manual __________
Time required to manipulate small objects increased __-__% by age 70
Older adults use ________ grasp forces and take ________ to adapt the force
Most age related decrements in reaching performance ______ be improved with training but disappears after 1m of no training.

A
  • Time
  • Coordination
  • feedback and feedforward control
  • 30-90%
  • deceleration
  • complex
  • dexterity
  • 25-40%
  • larger, longer
  • can
38
Q

What is gestation?

A

Period of time during which an embryo develops in the mother’s womb. Most radical change in human existence. A single cell grows into a functional human being in 37-42 weeks.

39
Q

First Trimester:
-Weeks __-__.
____ major body systems are established.

Second Trimester:

  • Weeks ___-___.
  • Body proportions grow to _________ proportions.

Third Trimester:

  • Weeks ___-___.
  • Body weight ____ and body length _______. Body fat accumulates which aids in body temperature regulation.
  • At 36 weeks, the _______ are developed.
A
  • 1-12
  • All
  • 13-26
  • newborn
  • 27-40
  • BW x3, BL x2
  • lungs
40
Q
  • First 8 weeks = _________

- 8 weeks until birth = ________

A
  • embryo

- fetus

41
Q

Fetal Movement:

  • Seen at __-__ weeks gestation.
  • At __ weeks, some jerky, startle type movements.
  • ______ and _____ movements.
  • ________ and _________ patterns.
  • Movements prevent stasis and _________ and prepare the fetus for birth.
  • Quality of fetal movement provides an indicator of the chronic neurological condition of the fetus.
A
  • 7-8 weeks
  • 9 weeks
  • gross and fine
  • random and coordinated
  • adhesions
42
Q

What is considered premature?

A

<38 weeks

43
Q

What is dissociation?

A

The breaking up of mass pattern; the ability to separate movement in one body part from associated movement in another.

44
Q

PART 3: REFLEXES

A

PART 3: REFLEXES

45
Q

List all of the reflexes.

A
  • ATNR (Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex)
  • Neck Righting Reflex
  • STNR (Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex)
  • TLR (Tonic Labyrinthine Reflex)
  • Labyrinthine Head Righting Reaction
  • Landau
  • Galant or Trunk Incurvation Reaction
  • Parachute Reflexes
  • Traction Response
  • Supporting Reaction
  • Protective Extension of the UEs Forward/Sideways/Backwards
  • Protective Reaction of the LEs Downward
  • Stagger Reaction
  • Balance Reactions
  • Babinski Reflex
  • Flexor Withdrawal
  • Crossed Extension Reflex
  • Rooting and Sucking Reflex
  • Moro Reflex (“startle reflex”)
  • Palmar and Plantar Grasp
  • Visual Testing
46
Q

When the infant, lying on the back, turns the head to one side or if the head is passively rotated to one side. The infant tends to assume a fencing position, with the face toward the extended arm, while the other flexes at the elbow. The lower limbs respond in a similar manner. Often manifested in the supine position as well as during general postural activity.

A

ATNR (Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex)

47
Q

ATNR (Asymmetrical Tonic Neck Reflex):

  • Present for first ___ weeks.
  • Most notable between __-__ months.
  • Replaced by symmetrical head/arm movements by __-__ months.
  • Persistence after the __th month is an index of suspicion.
  • Potentially a handicapping disability. The child is prevented from seeing both hands simultaneously unless positioned in midline. Restriction on the ability to perform ________ and ________ tasks.
  • How do we test for it in newborns?
  • How do we test for it in children over 6?
A
  • 12 weeks
  • 2-4 months
  • 5-6 months
  • 7th month
  • standing and walking
  • Place neonate in supine. Use a visual stimulus to encourage the infant to focus and follow the stimulus through an arc of 180 degrees. Observe posture of the UEs and LEs. Watch for spontaneous assumption of the posture.
  • Observe the presence of ATNR during motor behaviors such as sitting and reaching, grasping toys, eating, creeping, walking, running, and skipping. Also, a PT may perform additional tests: Railroad track / arm extension test, quadruped test, or supine test.
48
Q

Describe the 3 additional tests used to test for ATNR in children over 6.

A

Railroad track or arm extension test:
-Child stands with arms flexed to shoulder level with elbows extended and wrists in neutral position, eyes closed. Passively rotate the head to either side and observe the posture of the UEs.

Quadruped test:
-Child assumes the all fours position. Passively rotate the head to both sides or encourage the child to rotate the head while looking at a visual target. Observe the amt of flexion in the skull arm.

Supine:
-Child lies supine with shoulders flexed and elbows extended in front of the body. Place your hands on the child’s hands and apply some resistance by pushing down steadily. Then ask the child to turn his head to the right and to the left. As you resist extension in both arms, note the amount of elbow flexion of the skull arm.

49
Q

This reflex replaces ATNR when it is lost. Involves passive or active rotation of the head to one side followed by rotation of the shoulders, trunk, and pelvis in the same direction. Momentary delay between the head rotation and the following of the shoulders, as opposed to the automatic, sudden, and complete body rotation in immediate response to a passive turn of the head that may occur in some abnormal states.
-It is obtainable in all normal infants by ___ months of age.

A

Neck Righting Reflex

-10 months

50
Q

This reflex is defined as with flexion of the head, there is flexion of the UEs, extension of the LEs. With extension of the UEs, there is flexion of the LEs.

  • What are the 5 testing positions?
  • Onset at __-__ months and integrated at __-__ months.
A

STNR (Symmetric Tonic Neck Reflex)

  • Ventral suspension over the examiner’s hand, prone over your lap, supported sitting, all fours (resisted creeping), standing plantigrade.
  • onset at 4-6m and integrated at 8-21m
51
Q

In a prone position, there is increased flexor tone/flexion of all limbs. In a supine position, there is increased extensor tone/extension of all limbs.

  • Onset at _______, integrated at ___ months.
  • How is this tested in infants?
  • What are the 3 ways this is tested in older children?
A

TLR (tonic labyrinthine reflex)

  • birth, 6m
  • Place the infant in prone and then supine with head in midline and let the extremities rest by his side. Observe posture and movement. Are there a variety of resting postures? Passively move the extremities in both positions and note whether there is less or more flexor muscle activity or resistance to extensor moments. From supine, raise the child to sitting by gently cradling the head and shoulders. Is there resistance to passive flexion? In prone, gently raise the head into extension and note if there is resistance. Bring the shoulders back into extension and note resistance.
  • airplane, monkey, ball
52
Q

Describe the 3 ways we test for TLR (tonic labyrinthine reflex) in older children.

A

Airplane
-Child assumes an antigravity extensor posture in prone with the shoulders abducted to 90 degrees and elbows fully extended. Scored by the amount of support provided, posture of the arms, and amount of extension of the trunk and hips and time maintained.

Monkey
-Child holds onto a pole and crosses his legs at the knees over the pole. Scored by how the child assumes the antigravity posture and the amount of time maintained.

Ball
-Child curls up in a ball from the supine position without the advantage of clasping the arms around the knees

53
Q

This reflex involves blindfolding the baby and repositioning him while supported in supine. Looking for head movement to correct repositioning.

A

Labyrinthine Head Righting Reaction

54
Q

While holding the infant in ventral suspension with the head, spine, and legs extended, passively flex the head forward. The reflex is considered present if the whole body then flexes.
-Should be present by __ months. (can be seen 3-4m)

A

Landau

-7 months

55
Q

Sharp stroke along paravertebral line from scapula to the top of the iliac crest results in lateral trunk flexion toward stimulated side.
-Timing is __-__ months.

A

Galant or Trunk Incurvation Reaction

-0-2 months

56
Q

The infant is held in a vertical suspension and suddenly lowered toward a flat surface. Normal positive response is a forward extension of both arms and DF of the infant’s hands during the movement. <3 months of age, child is allowed to see where he is going. >3 months, infants attention is directed toward a toy, then he is suddenly plunged downward.
-True reflex not seen until __-__ months. Should be present by __ months.

A

Parachute Reflex

-6-9 months, 12 months

57
Q

Place the infant in supine. Draw him up by the hands to a sitting position. Assistance by the shoulder muscles can normally be felt and seen. The newborn’s head lags behind and drops forward suddenly when the upright posture is reached. Should be sufficient head control in the newborn to bring the head back upright, and greater control with age.
-When testing, avoid reaching the midline point, which causes the head to drop forward suddenly.

A

Traction Response

58
Q

Elicited by holding the infant vertically and allowing his feet to make firm contact with a table top or other firm surface. The standing posture includes some flexion of the hip and knee. Automatic stepping may also be observed when the newborn is inclined forward while being supported in this position.

  • Diminishes in first __ months. By __ months, reaction is less easily demonstratable. Infants will normally support a substantial proportion of their weight by ___ months.
  • What is a abnormal presentation that may warrant medical attention?
A

Supporting Reaction

  • 4 months, 6 months, 10 months
  • Consistent standing on the tips of the toes or scissoring of the legs after 4 months.
59
Q

Support the prone infant around his thorax in a horizontal position. Plunge the head and upper trunk downward toward a table top and observe the presence or absence of flexion at his shoulders and extension of his elbows. See if fingers extend and abduct. Positive supporting reactions of the upper body should be observed so that the weight is supported. May also test from upright kneeling.

A

Protective Extension of the UEs Forward

60
Q

Place the infant in a symmetrical sitting position with legs out in front. Displace backward. A full reaction is backward extension of all joints of both arms.

A

Protective Extension of the UEs Backwards

61
Q

Hold the child vertically and rapidly plunge his feet downward toward a table top. You should see rapid extension of the knee joints, hip abduction/ER, and ankle DF.

A

Protective Reaction of the LEs Downward

62
Q

Tested in upright. Displace the body with a horizontal force.

A

Stagger Reaction

63
Q

Righting reactions and equilibrium reactions in sitting and standing.

A

Balance Reaction

64
Q

Stroke the lateral aspect of the plantar surface of the foot. You will see extension and fanning of the toes.
-Normal up to __ months.

A

Babinski Reflex

-12 months

65
Q

Sharp, quick pressure stimulus to the sole of the foot or palm offhand will result in withdrawal of the stimulated extremity.
-__-__ months. May be present through whole life.

A

Flexor Withdrawal

-0-2 months

66
Q

Sharp, quick pressure stimulus to the sole of the foot results in withdrawal of stimulated LE and extension of the opposite leg.
-__-__ months

A

Crossed Extension Reflex

-0-2 months

67
Q

1

A

11

68
Q

1

A

1

69
Q

1

A

1

70
Q

1

A

1

71
Q

1

A

1

72
Q

1

A

1

73
Q

1

A

1

74
Q

1

A

1

75
Q

1

A

1

76
Q

PART 4: DEVELOPMENT OF THE MSK SYSTEM

A

PART 4: DEVELOPMENT OF THE MSK SYSTEM

77
Q

When does the basic structure of our joints form?

A
  • Basic structure (cartilaginous models) in early embryonic period (6-8 weeks of gestation)
  • Limb buds grow
  • Final shape through early childhood
78
Q

When does ossification begin?

A

Week 8 (gestation)

79
Q
  • Bone, cartilage, and muscle are all developed from the ________.
  • Bone formation occurs through either ____________ (majority) or ___________ ________ (clavicle, mandible, skull)
A
  • mesoderm

- endochondral, intramembranous ossification

80
Q

How and when does the baby develop the normal curves of the spine?

A

Neonate: spine kyphosis, horizontal ribs

81
Q

Typical Biomechanical Alignment of the Newborn:

  • physiological __________
  • hip/knee/elbow __________
  • spine __________
  • hips ________ (acetabulum shallow, femoral head flat, anteversion, large femoral neck shaft angle)
  • Hip _____ and ____
  • Coxa ______
  • Forward bowing of the _______ (due to intrauterine positioning/contractures)
  • Tibiofemoral ________
  • External tibial torsion (5 degrees)
  • _____ limitation
  • Medial inclination of the talus and calcaneus (foot slightly inverted)
  • Straight lateral border of the foot
A
  • flexion
  • flexion
  • kyphosis
  • shallow
  • ABD and ER
  • valga
  • tibia
  • varus
  • PF
82
Q

Biomechanical Changes During Development:

  • Hip _____ decreases with upright postures
  • Hip ER 🡪 ___ (over 2 years)
  • Hip ER 🡪 hip _______
  • Coxa valga ________ due to compression and tension with WB and muscle pull
  • Knee flexion stretched by foot play
  • Tibiofemoral varus 15 degrees 🡪 5 degrees varus (1 year) 🡪 __-__ valgus (3-4 years)
  • External tibial torsion (5 degrees) 🡪 18 degrees torsion (age 14) 🡪 __-__ degrees (skeletal maturity)
A
  • ABD
  • IR
  • Ext
  • decreases
  • 10-15 degrees
  • 23-25 degrees
83
Q

The ______ and ____________ of loading influences the type of tissue or articulation being formed. Forces are important for determining the type of tissue formation.

A

type and duration

84
Q
  • ___________ loading 🡪 chondrogenesis

- ___________ loading 🡪 osteogenesis

A
  • Intermittent

- Continuous

85
Q
  • __________ loading (compression or tension) stimulates bone growth.
  • Is intermittent compression or tension better?
  • Decreased growth with ________ compression.
A
  • longitudinal
  • intermittent compression
  • excessive
86
Q

PART 5: NERVOUS SYSTEM ACROSS THE LIFESPAN

A

PART 5: NERVOUS SYSTEM ACROSS THE LIFESPAN

87
Q

Changes in the Older Adult NS:

  • Death of neurons
  • Neuronal ___________
  • Decreased _____
  • Decreased reflex responsivity
  • May not see patellar reflex after age ____
  • By ____, no DTRs
  • Temporal and frontal > ____________
  • Dendrites continue to growth and synapses continue to form
A
  • shrinkage
  • NCV
  • 70
  • 90
  • parietal
88
Q

There is a lot of redundancy in the CNS. The loss has to be ____________ before functional changes are seen.

A

significant

89
Q

PART 6: SENSATION ACROSS THE LIFESPAN

A

PART 6: SENSATION ACROSS THE LIFESPAN

90
Q

Changes to the Visual System in the Older Adult:

  • 10% of older adults have undetected eye disease
  • Age 85, 80% loss in visual acuity from what was present at 40
  • More light is needed to see objects
  • Glare is particularly troublesome
  • Macular degeneration (blurred vision, blind spots)
  • Narrowing peripheral vision
  • Decreased depth perception and contrast sensitivity
A

1

91
Q
  • At what age can you use touch localization?
  • At what age can you use stereognosis?
  • At what age can you use 2-point discrimination?
A
  • 12-16m
  • 5 years
  • 7 years

S4- Neuro 1 (12 decks)

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