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NUR1114 Bioscience > Week 1: Musculoskeletal System (bone) > Flashcards

Week 1: Musculoskeletal System (bone) Flashcards

1
Q

5 functions of bones

A
  • support
  • protection
  • storage of minerals and triglycerides
  • blood cell production
  • movement
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2
Q

Axial Skeletons

A
  • Skull
  • vertebral column
  • rib cage
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3
Q

Appendicular Skeletons

A
  • upper limb
  • Lower limb
  • shoulder girdles
  • pelvic girdle
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4
Q

Bone shapes

A
  • long bones
  • short bones
  • flat bones
  • irregular bones
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5
Q

long bones

A
  • shaft (diaphysis)
  • bone ends (epiphysis)
  • humerus, clavicles
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6
Q

short bones

A
  • small cube-shaped
  • patella
  • tarsals
  • carpals
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7
Q

flat bones

A
  • sternum
  • rib
  • scapula
  • skull bones
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8
Q

irregular bones

A
  • vertebra

- hip bone

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9
Q

Bones of upper limb

A
  • Humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
  • carpals
  • metacarpals
  • phalanges
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10
Q

bones of lower limb

A
  • femur
  • fibula
  • tibia
  • patella
  • tarsals
  • metatarsals
  • phalanges
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11
Q

bones of shoulder girdles

A
  • clavicle

- scapula

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12
Q

bones of pelvic girdle

A
  • hip bone
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13
Q

Connective tissue of bone

A
  • osseous tissue
  • adipose tissue
  • hyaline cartilage
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14
Q

Nervous tissue of bone

A
  • sensory neuron
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15
Q

Muscle, epithelial tissue of bone

A
  • blood vessels
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16
Q

Composition of osseous tissue

A
  • Matrix

- specialized cells

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17
Q

function of Matrix in osseous tissue

A
  • make bone hard, a little flexible, and strong
  • collagen fibers: flexibility, tensile strength
  • calcium phosphate crystals: hard, compressive strength
  • no collagen -> brittle, easily broken
  • no calcium -> soft, very flexible, not hard enough
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18
Q

Specialized cells in osseous tissue

A
  • osteoprogenitor cells: stem cell that change to osteblast
  • osteoblasts(building cell): produce, secrete collagen and matrix
  • osteoclasts(resorbing cell): break down matrix and release mineral
  • osteocytes: maintain matrix
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19
Q

Types of bone

A
  • compact bone (outer layer)

- spongy bone (inner layer)

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20
Q

Structure of compact bone

A
  • osseous tissue into osteons
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21
Q

Osteons in compact bone consist

A
  • central canal: contain blood vessel & nerve
  • concentric circle of matrix
  • osteocytes: lie in-between each layers of matrix
22
Q

Osteons in compact bone do

A
  • act as a weight-bearing pillar: resist force applied to ends of the bone
23
Q

Structure of spongy bone

A
  • osseous tissue into trabeculae
24
Q

Trabeculae characteristics

A
  • resist force from all direction

- transfer weight without breaking

25
Q

Characteristics of spongy bone

A
  • lighter than compact bone

- found in proximal & distal epiphysis (ends of bones)

26
Q

Interstitial growth

A
  • lengthen bone
  • occur at epiphyseal plates
    1) new cartilage at top of the plate
    2) bone replace old cartilage at the bottom of plate
    3) diaphysis lengthens
27
Q

Appositional growth

A
  • widen bone
  • occur at outer surface of bone
    1) osteoblast secrete new matrix later onto bone surface -> becomes compact bone and bone widens
    2) osteoclasts remove old matrix from inner surface –> prevent bones from becoming too heavy
28
Q

Bone remodeling

A
  • occur throughout life
  • maintain bone mass and strength
  • replace old matrix to new
  • involve bone resorption (osteoclast) & deposition (osteoblast)
29
Q

Factors affecting bone growth & Remodeling

A
  • amount of Ca, phosphate, Vitamin A, C, D, K, B12

- Weight-bearing exercise

30
Q

Types of Bone fracture

A
  • Closed (simple) fracture

- open fracture

31
Q

Comminuted fracture

A

bone fragments into 3 or more pieces

32
Q

compression fracture

A

bone crushed

33
Q

greenstick fracture

A
  • bone bends and crack

- incomplete break

34
Q

Spiral fracture

A
  • ragged break

- excessive twisting applied

35
Q

epiphyseal fracture

A

breaks along epiphyseal plate

36
Q

transverse fracture

A

completely broken across the diaphysis (shaft)

37
Q

depressed fracture

A

broken bone pressed inwards

38
Q

avulsion fracture

A

tendon, ligament pulls of a fragment of bone

39
Q

pathological fracture

A

caused by disease (e.g. osteoporosis)

40
Q

Colles fracture

A

break at distal end of radius

41
Q

scaphoid fracture

A

carpal bone fracture

42
Q

pott’s fracture

A

break in medial malleolus of tibia or fibula

43
Q

Fracture treatment

A

1) reduction: realignment of bone ends
2) immobilisation
3) rehabilitation

44
Q

4 stages of fracture repair

A

1) Haematoma forms
2) fibrocartilaginous callus forms
3) bony callus of spongy bone forms
4) bone remodeling

45
Q

Haematoma formation

A
  • blood vessels hemorrhage , 찢긴 혈관에서 출혈 발생
  • clot forms
  • site swollen and sore
46
Q

Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

A
  • fibroblast -> produce collagen
  • chondroblast-> produce cartilage
  • Fibrocartilaginous callus splint broken bone ends (callus가 fracture site를 지지해줌)
47
Q

Bony callus of spongy formation

A
  • Fibrocartilaginous callus is replaced by spongy bone

- bone ends united again

48
Q

bone remodeling

A
  • compact bone replaces spongy bone at bone surface
  • osteoclast remove excess bone
  • bone return normal
49
Q

Bone disorder: Osteomalacia (adult) & Rickets (child), 골연화증

A
  • poorly mineralized bones (lack of calcium phosphate crystal)
  • too soft, flexible bone
  • cause: not enough Ca intake or Vitamin D
50
Q

Bone disorder: Osteogenesis imperfecta, 골혈성부전증

A
  • congenital bone disorder
  • brittle, easily fractured bone
  • no cure
51
Q

Bone disorder: Osteoporosis, 골다공증

A
  • bone resorption 앞지르다 bone deposition -> reduced bone mass
  • bone have normal matrix but reduced quantity -> light, easily fractured, fragile
  • 여성들에게 발병률 높음

NUR1114 Bioscience (3 decks)

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