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Brain and Behavior > Week 1 Lectures > Flashcards

Week 1 Lectures Flashcards

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The Brain flashcards
1
Q

We have _________ neurons in our brain.

A

86 billion

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2
Q

How many miles of axons do we have?

A

100 thousand

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3
Q

How many synapses do we have?

A

10 trillion

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4
Q

What comprises the central nervous system?

A

The brain and the spinal cord.

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5
Q

Where is the peripheral nervous system?

A

The skin and organs.

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6
Q

What are some examples of behavior?

A

Our movements
Facial expression
Vocalizations

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7
Q

Innate behavior is behavior that is…

A

Hardwired

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8
Q

How much of the nervous system do neurons comprise?

A

50%

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9
Q

What does the combination of glial cells and neurons help us do?

A

Having both glial cells and neurons lets us develop diverse experiences.

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10
Q

How many people suffer from a neurological or psychiatric disorder?

A

1 in 5 people

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11
Q

What are some advantages of using human subjects in an experiment?

A

Humans can follow directions
Can give feedback and describe what they are feeling
Often less expensive
Have a human brain

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12
Q

What are some advantages of nonhuman subjects?

A

They have simpler nervous systems
Can use more invasive approaches to gain an understanding of the nervous system on a closer level
Fewer ethical constraints

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13
Q

What are the three types of neurological experimental approaches?

A

Somatic interventions affecting behavior: sever a neural connection and see how it can lead to a difference in stimuli perception
Behavioral interventions having somatic effects: present a visual stimulus and have a change in brain activity
Correlational studies where you measure somatic and behavioral activity simultaneously: Measure both glucose levels and hyperactivity

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14
Q

What is a positive correlation?

A

Positive correlations are when both variables increase or decrease simultaneously.

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15
Q

What is a negative correlation?

A

When two variables are inversely correlated; one goes up while the other goes down.

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16
Q

Explain the difference between a within-subjects experiment and and between subjects experiment.

A

Within-subjects: the same group of people are the control and experimental group.
Between-subjects: the control group and the experimental group are 2 different groups of people.

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17
Q

Define the neuron doctrine.

A

1) Neurons and other brain cells are independent units and 2) info is transmitted through synapses.

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18
Q

What are the 4 zones of a neuron?

A

Input zone
Integration zone
Conduction zone
Output zone

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19
Q

What is in the input zone of a neuron?

A

Dendrites

Dendritic spines

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20
Q

What do dendrites and dendritic spines do?

A

Branchlike structures that subdivide into smaller and smaller filaments. Eventually, mushroomlike structures called dendritic spines are points of contact where neurons send info to other neurons.

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21
Q

What comprises the integration zone of a neuron?

A

Soma (cell body)

Axon hillock

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22
Q

What occurs in the integration zone?

A

The integration zone is where the decision to fire an action potential is made.

23
Q

What is an axon hillock?

A

Where the soma and the axon connect.

24
Q

What is in the conduction zone?

A

Axon
Myelin sheath
Nodes of Ranvier
Axon collaterals

25
Q

What is an axon and what is it’s function?

A

An axon is a protrusion from the soma. The axon functions as a transport system to get the electrical signal from the axon hillock to the output zone.

26
Q

What does myelin sheath do?

A

Acts like coating on a cable to help the action potential reach the end of the axon.

27
Q

What are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A

They help action potentials travel faster down the axon.

28
Q

Define axon collaterals.

A

Where an axon splits towards the end to go to multiple other neurons.

29
Q

What is in the output zone and what is it’s function?

A

The output zone consists of axon terminals, which connect with dendritic spines to release neurotransmitters.

30
Q

What are the 3 types of neurons?

A

Multipolar, bipolar, unipolar

31
Q

Which type of neuron is the most common?

A

Multipolar

32
Q

What is the structure of multipolar neurons?

A

They have multiple, complex dendrites and one axon so they can integrate lots of info.

33
Q

What is the structure of bipolar neurons?

A

One single, less complex dendrite. Also a single axon which does not collateralize.

34
Q

Where are bipolar neurons common?

A

In sensory cells, especially the retina.

35
Q

What is the structure of unipolar neurons?

A

The cell body is in the integration zone, and sends two branches of axons. One has dendritic branches while the other ends in axon terminals.

36
Q

Where are unipolar neurons found and what function do they serve?

A

Unipolar neurons are commonly found in the periphery (like skin and organs). They send info to the central nervous system.

37
Q

What are the 3 types of glial cells?

A

Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, and microglia.

38
Q

What do oligodendrocytes do?

A

Produce myelin by sending out processes to multiple parts in the brain to form myelin across multiple neurons.

39
Q

What condition is connected with oligodendrocytes that don’t work properly?

A

Multiple sclerosis: MS is a condition where the myelin is damaged, so there is something presumably wrong with the oligodendrocytes.

40
Q

What are some functions of astrocytes?

A

Help form the blood brain barrier

Help carry nutrition from blood to neurons bc neurons can’t create their own energy

41
Q

What purpose do microglia serve?

A

If microglia sense something is wrong, they change shape in order to engulf debris and destroy it.

42
Q

What are the 4 ways the nervous system is protected?

A

Skull and vertebral column
Blood brain barrier
Ventricles
Meninges

43
Q

Explain the blood brain barrier.

A

Blood vessel cells in the brain are very tightly linked so that not many things can get through. This happens through astrocytes putting their feet on neurons and other feet on capillaries.

44
Q

What are ventricles?

A

A series of caverns in the brain.

45
Q

What is the choroid plexus?

A

CP takes arterial blood and turns it into cerebrospinal fluid which fills the brain ventricles. Choroid plexus lines the lateral ventricles.

46
Q

What path does CSF take?

A

CSF is made in the lateral ventricles, flows down to the midline third ventricle, then into the fourth ventricles (between cerebellum and pons), where CSF then exits the ventricular system to surround the brain and spinal cord.

47
Q

What does the CSF do?

A

Provide a fluid buffer layer above brain which allows for bumps and dings to not damage the brain
Bring nutrition around the nervous system and gets rid of waste

48
Q

What are the 3 meninges?

A

Dura mater, arachnoid membrane/space, pia mater

49
Q

What does the dura mater do?

A

Tough mother; thick layer of tissue similar to skin to provide protection to the brain

50
Q

What is the arachnoid membrane?

A

Arteries and veins that go in and out of the brain are here; CSF surrounds those veins and arteries.

51
Q

Where is pia mater found?

A

Tightly adhered to the surface of the brain.

52
Q

What function do cerebral arteries do?

A

Supply oxygenated blood to the brain.

53
Q

What are strokes caused by?

A

Lack of oxygen to the brain.

Brain and Behavior (5 decks)

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