Week 1: Lectures 1-6 Flashcards
What organs are part of the nervous system and name their function
Brain, Spinal cord, sensory organs,nerves. To conduct electrical signals, detect stimuli, process stimuli, stimulate response.
What organs are part of the endocrine system and name their function
Endocrine glands. To transmit chemical signals (hormones) into blood, regulate body function
What organs are part of circulatory system and name their function
heart, blood vessels. To transport blood around the body
What organs are part of the lymphatic system and name their function
lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen thymus, bone marrow. To transport lymph around the body and immunity
What organs are part of the skeletal system and name their function
bones (source of red blood cells). To provide structural support and protection, production of red blood cells.
What organs are part of integumentary system and name their function
skin. to separate body from external environment, protection, stimulus, synthesis, dynamic organ
What organs are part of the muscular system and name their function
Muscles, involuntary movement of muscles
What organs are part of the respiratory system and name their function
Lungs, airways. Gas exchange between the body and environment
What organs are part of the digestive system and name their function
mouth, oesophagus, stomach, small intestine, rectum, liver, pancreas. To digest and absorb nutrients and regulation of nutrients in the body to excrete waste
What organs are part of the digestive system/urinary system and name their function
kidney, urethra, bladder, ureter. To filter blood, regulate electrolytes and remove nitrogenous waste
What organs are part of the reproductive system and what are their functions
Mammary glands, ovaries, uterine tubes, uterus, vagina, penis, testes, accessory glands, ducts. To reproduce viable offspring
Name the 5 key elements in the body
hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, carbon, phosphorus
Name the two types of bonding and the difference between them
Covalent and Ionic bonding. Covalent is sharing electrons and ionic is losing or gaining electrons
Define a polar molecule
A molecule that has a slightly positive charge at one end and a slightly negative charge at the other. If it is polar it can mix with water.
Define Lipids
Macromolecules, mostly of carbon and Hydrogen, Electrons are shared evenly therefore non-polar. Form the outside layer of cells(plasma membrane)
Define a plasma membrane
The outside lining of a cell that protects the cell from its surroundings. Nothing crosses it unless its non-polar and therefore needs proteins
What are the features of plasma membrane
They have two layers of phospholipids. Phosphate attached to the polar end of the lipid
What are proteins and what are they made of
Complex macromolecules made up of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen. They are made from amino acids. Can be non-polar or polar.
Features of a membrane protein
non-polar, allows molecules to cross membrane, insoluble, sits in membrane
Features of carbohydrates and why they are needed
Carbohydrates are needed to create energy from the breaking down on bonds. Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. Polar, regenerate ATP. If aerobic CO2 is formed , if anaerobic lactate is formed
Define Ions and state their features
Molecules which have lost or gained electrons. Cation is positive charge and anion is negative. Can dissolve in water, micronutrients, concentration measured in moles, polar
What is Avogadro’s number
1 mole= 6.022x10^23 molecules
Name the 4 key ions and their charge
Sodium(+), Chloride (-), Potassium (+), Phosphate (-)
What ions are inside the cell
Potassium and phosphate
what ions are outside the cell
Sodium and Chloride
Features of acid
H+ releases H+ ions and bases binds H+. Measured on pH scale, pH7 is neutral. Less than 7 acidic, more than 7 is basic
What are buffers
They keep cells at a neutral pH by using weak acids to release acid and weak bases to bind acids
What is the Mitochondria
‘power pack’, consumes oxygen and regenerates ATP, thousands in a cell
What is needed for transport across cell membranes
Proteins, polar molecules and plasma membrane
What is diffusion
movement of ions from high concentration to low concentration, no energy required
What does diffusion depend on
Concentrations on either side of the membrane, size of the molecule and polarity of the molecule
Name 6 molecules for diffusion
water, carbon dioxide and oxygen, ions, fats and glucose
Features of water diffusing
small, polar, needs proteins to diffuse and move through a membrane
Features of CO2 and O2 diffusing
Small, non polar, can cross membrane
Features of Ions diffusing
Small, polar, needs proteins to diffuse
Features of fats diffusing
large, non polar, can cross membrane and diffuse from high concentration to low concentration
Features of glucose diffusing
small, polar, needs proteins to diffuse
