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PT0405- Neuro > Week 1 (lectures 1-3)- Overview of CNS/Transmission of Information > Flashcards

Week 1 (lectures 1-3)- Overview of CNS/Transmission of Information Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 main functions of the CNS?

A

sensory input

integration (e.g SC or brain)

response to internal/external stimuli

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2
Q

what is meant by sensory input?

A

monitors changes/events internally/externally (i.e. stimuli)

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3
Q

what are the cells responsible for receiving sensory information called?

A

receptors

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4
Q

what is meant by integration?

A

parallel processing/interpretation of sensory information to determine appropriate response

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5
Q

what is meant by response to stimuli?

A

activation of muscle/organ/gland

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6
Q

what are the neurones that carry input signals?

A

afferent neurones

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7
Q

what are the neurones that carry output signals?

A

efferent neurones

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8
Q

what 2 things does the CNS include?

A

brain

spinal cord (SC)

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9
Q

what are the main functions of the SC?

A

carry messages to/from the brain

relay messages that require a faster response so they bypass the brain (reflex arc)

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10
Q

what is the essential difference between the CNS and PNS?

A

PNS= all neurones outside of brain/SC (i.e CNS)

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11
Q

name 3 key functions of the PNS?

A

connect CNS to rest of the body (muscles, organs etc)

carry sensory/motor information to/from CNS

regulate involuntary functions (e.g. heart)

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12
Q

what 2 branches is the PNS split directly into?

A

somatic nervous system (SNS)

autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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13
Q

what is the SNS in control of?

A

voluntary movement via skeletal muscle

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14
Q

what part of the brain is the SNS connected to?

A

motor cortex

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15
Q

what are only movements controlled by the SNS that are not voluntary called?

A

reflexes (reflex arc)

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16
Q

what is the ANS in control of?

A

involuntary functions (e.g. HR, breathing)

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17
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the ANS?

A

Sympathetic nervous system (SyNS)

parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)

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18
Q

what is the role of the SyNS?

A

activate/stimulate body functions q

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19
Q

where does the SyNS originate from?

A

T1-L2/3

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20
Q

when is the SyNS activated?

A

under conditions of stress (i.e. fight or flight)

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21
Q

what happens when the SyNS is activated?

A

postganglionic neurones release noradrenaline

prolonged activation of this= elicit release of adrenaline from adrenal medulla

this does things like increase HR, breathing etc

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22
Q

what is the role of the PNS?

A

essentially relaxes the body after the SyNS has been raising everything (e.g. decreases HR)

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23
Q

what are 3 parts of a neurone?

A

dendrites

cell body (soma)

axon

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24
Q

what are dendrites?

A

‘extensions’ of the soma

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25
Q

how long are dendrites?

A

2μm

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26
Q

what is the main function of dendrites?

A

receive info from other neurones and carry it over soma

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27
Q

what things do the soma contain?

A

nucleus

specialised organelles

28
Q

what is the function of the soma?

A

provide structure and energy to neurone

29
Q

what is the axon?

A

long projection starting from the soma

30
Q

what is the main function of the axon?

A

transmit information (via action potential) to another neurone or cell

31
Q

how many axons does a neurone typically have?

A

1

32
Q

what are the 4 types of neurones (structural classification)?

A

anatomic
bipolar
unipolar
multipolar

33
Q

describe an anatomic neurone?

A

small
can’t distinguish its dendrites from axons
found in brain/sensory organs

34
Q

describe a bipolar neurone?

A 
small
distinction between dendrites and axons
dendrites have extensive branching
rare!
found in sensory organs
35
Q

describe a unipolar neurone?

A

vary wildly in size
dendrite and axon continuous on one side of body
found as most sensory neurones in PNS

36
Q

describe a multipolar neurone?

A

size varies wildly
most common neurone in CNS
dendric spines increase surface area
are the motor neurones controlling skeletal muscle

37
Q

what are the 3 functional classifications of neurones/

A

afferent (sensory)
efferent (motor)
interneurones

38
Q

describe afferent neurones and their role?

A

unipolar
cell bodies located in ganglia
approx 10milion in a person

carry impulses from receptors to CNS
somatic AND visceral/autonomic

39
Q

describe efferent neurones and their role?

A

Bipolar
approx 0.5million in a person
cell body located in CNS

carry impulses from CNS to peripheral effectors

40
Q

describe interneurones and their role?

A

multipolar

most are located in brain and SC
approx 20billion in a person
number involved in a process depends on complexity of response needed

41
Q

name 4 types of supporting cells?

A

neuroglia
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal cells

42
Q

what do neuroglia do (supporting cells)?

A

provide metabolic and physical support for neurones

protect/maintain optimum functioning of nervous system

43
Q

what do astrocytes do (supporting cells)?

A

provide structure, support and nutrition
holds ‘family’ together
integral to blood-brain-barrier

exclusive to CNS and are star shaped

44
Q

what do microglia do (supporting cells)?

A

monitor the health of neurones

can transform into macrophages and become mobile (fight invasive organisms/phagocytosis of dead neurones)

45
Q

what do ependymal cells do (supporting cells)?

A

keep things moving
line brain/SC tissue
cilia maintain circulation/flow of cerebrospinal fluid

46
Q

define the ‘resting membrane potential’?

A

difference in change between interior/exterior of cell at rest

47
Q

what is the resting potential of a neurone?

A

-70mV

48
Q

name 2 things he resting potential depends on?

A

permeability of membrane to ions

electrochemical gradients

49
Q

what are the 3 key ions?

A

Na+, K+, Cl-

50
Q

what is the threshold for an action potential?

A

-55mV

51
Q

what is temporal summation?

A

single presynaptic neurone firing many times in quick succession

increased frequency = EPSP comes together

AP generated once threshold is reached

52
Q

what is spatial summation?

A

multiple/simultaneous EPSP’s at different locations on neurone

sufficient spatial summation of EPSP’s= AP triggered

53
Q

what does EPSP stand for?

A

excitatory postsynaptic potential

54
Q

what is saltatory conduction and why is it the best way for information to travel?

A

AP ‘jumps’ between nodes of Ranvier= higher speed

55
Q

do small neurones have high or low resistance to AP?

A

high (unmyelinated axons)

56
Q

do large neurones have high or low resistance to AP?

A

low (myelinated axons)

57
Q

what is myelin made up of?

A

protein/fatty substances

58
Q

what effect does myelin have on AP?

A

facilitates it to move quickly up an axon

59
Q

what is responsible for myelination in the PNS?

A

schwann cells

60
Q

what is responsible for myelination in the CNS?

A

oligodendrocytes

61
Q

what is a synapse between?

A

2 neurones

62
Q

what is the connection between a neurone and a muscle called?

A

neuromuscular junction

63
Q

what is the presynaptic side of a synapse?

A

axon

64
Q

what is the postsynaptic side of a synapse?

A

dendrite/soma

65
Q

what are the 4 stages of synaptic transmission?

A

1) AP arrives at axon terminal, and vesicles fuse with membrane
2) Ca++ channels release neurotransmitter into synaptic cleft
3) neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft to fuse with receptors on postsynaptic neurone
4) receptors activated, and ion channels open; creates localised change in electric potential, and travels a short distance

PT0405- Neuro (4 decks)

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