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Toxicology > Week 1 lecture 2 > Flashcards

Week 1 lecture 2 Flashcards

1
Q

toxins that inhibit glycine

A
  • receptor inhibitors: strychnine and Calycanthus spp. (ie Carolina allspice, strawberry shrub, and bubby bush)
  • Receptor inhibitors (gelsemium spp. ie yellow jessamine)
  • Release inhibitors (tetanus toxins)
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2
Q

glycine fx

A
  • interneuron releases glycine which turns off initial neuron firing ot end muscle stimulation
  • spinal nerve stim muscle cell and renshaw cell -> stem glycine and turn off muscle cell)
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3
Q

what happens if inhibit glycine fx

A

spastic paralysis

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4
Q

clinical signs direct glycine inhibitors

A
  • onset 10-120 min (may find in stomach)
  • anxiety, hyper responsive, tremors -> seizures
  • death from resp failure 10 min -48hrs
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5
Q

seizures associated with glycine inhib

A
  • begin with face neck and limbs -> sardonic grin

- saw horse stance

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6
Q

tx glycine inhibitors

A
  • stablize
  • DO NOT ENDUCE V+
  • enterogastric lavage/ rumenotomy (anesthesia)
  • barbiturates and propofol for seizure control
  • supportive care, thiamin
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7
Q

contraindicated for tx glycine inhibitors

A
  • ketamine
  • morphine
  • emetics
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8
Q

strychnine does what, onset, found where, affects who

A
  • glycine receptor inhibitor
  • found in rodent baits
  • duration signs hrs to days, death < 30 min
  • can affect any species
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9
Q

strychnine ADME

A

A- SI, rapid
D- rapid (high conc liver and kidney)
M- hepatic
E- about 48hrs

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10
Q

dx strychnine toxicosis

A
  • chem analysis bait, stomach content, liver, kidney, urine

- poor prognosis

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11
Q

Tetanus toxin does what, onset, get how

A
  • glycine release inhibitor
  • slower onset
  • clostridial wound contamination
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12
Q

tetanus toxin affects who

A

can affect any species but horses most sensitive

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13
Q

strychnine duration of signs

A
  • onset min to hrs, often find in stomach bc onset so fast
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14
Q

Clostridium tetani exotoxins

A
  • tetanolysin (spreading factor, makes place for bacteria to live)
  • tetanospasmin (causes neurologic changes)
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15
Q

tetanus clinical signs

A
  • start at puncture spread from there
  • slower onset than strychnine
  • sustained titanic contractions (saw horse stance, rises sardonic, pump handle tail, lockjaw horse/ human, elevated nictitating membrane)
  • death from resp failure
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16
Q

tx tetanus

A
  • keep animal quiet
  • wound care
  • antitoxin close to puncture
  • teteanus toxoid at diff site than antitoxin
  • muscle relaxant
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17
Q

tetanus prognosis horse

A
  • horse poor prognosis (54-80% mortality)
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18
Q

canine tetanus prognosis

A
  • 8-50% mortality
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19
Q

tetanus prevention

A
  • sanitation/ wound care

- vac horses

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20
Q

GABA inhibitors include

A
  • metaldehyde
  • Penitrem (mycotoxin)
  • fipronil
  • methylxanthine (at high dose)
  • cyclone explosives
  • Amanita muscaria
  • cicuta maculata
  • corydalis spp.
  • Dicentra spp.
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21
Q

gaba fx

A
  • inhibit neurotransmitter that prevents spasm
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22
Q

gaba inhibitirion -> ?

A
  • spastic paralysis

- prevents similarly to glycine inhibitors

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23
Q

Metaldehyde sources

A
  • snail and slug bait
24
Q

Metaldehyde ADME

A 
* GABA inhibitor*
A- gastric acid -> hydrolysis to acetaldehyde
D- max plasma conc reached 1-3 hrs
M- hepatic P450
E- bile, enterohepatic circulation
25
Q

clin path for metaldehyde

A
  • Elevated muscle enzymes (chemistry)
  • hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia
  • metabolic acidosis
26
Q

tx metaldehyde toxicosis

A
  • aggressive decontamination (emesis contraindicated if symptomatic)
  • supportive and symptomatic care
  • seizure control
27
Q

Cicuta maculata alt name and toxic principle

A
  • water hemlock

- gaba inhiitor

28
Q

cicuta maculata onset, see what

A
  • onset w/ in 30 min
  • muscle twitch -> tetany
  • often lethal
29
Q

cicuta maculata toxic principle

A
  • cicutoxin A
30
Q

Sympathomimetic toxins include

A
  • Methyxanthines
  • Cocaine
  • Amphetimines, cathinone, pseudoephedrine ect.
  • Rasberry ketone
  • Atomoxetine
  • Amitraz
  • Beta Agonist
31
Q

Methylxanthine toxic principle

A

sympathomimetic toxin

adenosine antagonism

32
Q

cocaine toxic principle

A
  • sympathomimetic toxin*
  • inc catecholamine release
  • inc dopamine release
33
Q

amphetamines, cathinone, pseudoephedrine toxic principle

A
  • sympathomimetic toxin*
  • NE, dopamine, serotonin release
  • MOAI
  • Na+ channel effects
  • MDMA, ++ seroteonergic
34
Q

Raspberry ketone toxic principle

A
  • sympathomimetic toxin*

- enhances NE effects

35
Q

Atomoxetine toxic principle

A
  • sympathomimetic toxin*

- NE reuptake inhibitor

36
Q

Amitraz toxic principle

A
  • sympathomimetic toxin*

- a2-receptor agonist

37
Q

B agonists inculde

A
  • sympathomimetic toxin*

- facto-amine, zilpaterol

38
Q

B2 agonists include

A
  • sympathomimetic toxin*
  • albuterol
  • Clenbuterol
39
Q

B3 agonists include

A
  • sympathomimetic toxin*

- mirabegron

40
Q

Sympathomimetic toxidrome

A 
HAS MTH
H- Hypertension
A- Agitation
S- Sweating
M- mydriasis
T- tachycardia
H- hyperthermia
* these are all sympathetic responses*
41
Q

methylxanthines affect who, onset

A
  • all species, but most
    common in small dogs
  • onset min -> hrs, effects can last hrs, early mortality possible
42
Q

sources methyxanthines

A
  • coffee
  • caffeine tabs
  • OTC preps (cold, analgesic)
  • Theophylline (tablets, elixers, tea)
  • chocolate
43
Q

chocolate toxicity

A
  • methyxanthine

- baking chocolate > dark sweet chocolate > other types choclate

44
Q

Methylxanthine toxicity

A

Caffine > theobromine > theophylline

45
Q

Methylxanthine ADME

A

D- all compartments
M- hepatic
E- urinary

46
Q

Clinical signs methyxanithine toxicosis

A
  • onset 1-2 hrs caffeine 2-4 hrs theobromine; early see v+/ d+/ hyperactivity
  • later see tachycardia, hypertension
  • death 18-24 hrs bc cardiac failure and seizures
47
Q

tx methyxanthine exposure

A
  • symptomatic and supportive
  • detox stable patient
  • control seizures
  • tx tachyarrhythmia
  • keep calm
  • give muscle relaxer
48
Q

prognosis methylzanthine toxocis

A
  • good if early detox

- guarded if severe (arrhythmia, seizures)

49
Q

cocaine affects who, onset when

A
  • mostly affects SA

- clin signs min -> hrs, often lethal

50
Q

sources of cocaine

A
  • street cocaine
  • Crack
  • Anesthetics (for eyes)
51
Q

ADME cocaine

A

A- rapid mucosa
D- lipophilic
M- hepatic
E- urinary

52
Q

clinical signs cocaine

A
  • Hyperactive
  • tremors, seizures
  • ataxia
  • mental obtundation
  • hyperthermia
  • tachycardia
  • mydriasis
  • salivation nd v+
53
Q

dx cocaine expsore

A
  • clin signs
  • hx
  • otc test kit
54
Q

tx cocaine

A
  • decontaminate large dose w/ sedation and gastric lavage
  • DO NOT USE EMETICS
  • supportive/ symptomatic (keep calm, control seizures, electrolytes)
55
Q

cocaine toxicity prognsis

A

good w/ tx

Toxicology (3 decks)

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