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Toxicology > Week 1 lecture 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 lecture 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Dose response theory

A

only the dose makes something not a poision

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2
Q

venomous

A

poisons secretion w/ delivery system (it bites you)

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3
Q

poisonous

A

substance = injurious when taken internally or applied externally (you bite it)

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4
Q

Types of venomous snakes in the US

A
  • mycotoxic

- neurotoxic

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5
Q

mycotoxic

A
  • cause necrosis where bite
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6
Q

neurotoxic

A

disrupt ns can -> death

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7
Q

Crotalinae snake features

A
  • mycotoxic
  • hollow retractable fangs
  • triangular head
  • make up most snake bites in us
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8
Q

Types of Crotaline snakes

A
  • Agkistrodon spp. (Southern Copper heads)

- Crotalus (rattlers)

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9
Q

Agkistrodon spp.

A
  • Crotaline snake (mycotoxic)
  • Southern copperheads and cottonmouth moccasins
  • cause necrotizing bites, survive unless v small animal
    • moccasins can bite under water*
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10
Q

Crotalus spp.

A
  • Crotaline snake (mycotoxic)
  • Rattler, cause majority of Crotaline snake deaths
    Include:
  • timber rattlesnake (few in NY)
  • eastern diamondback
  • pygmy rattlesnake (south)
  • Massasauga (rare in ny)
  • Mojave (sw)
  • Western diamondback (sw)
  • Ridgenose (sw)
  • Side winder (sw)
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11
Q

Crotalinine venom

A
  • Low molecular weight polypeptide
  • Metalloproteinases
  • thrombin like glycoproteins, fibrinolysins
  • digestive enzymes
  • myotoxins
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12
Q

low molecular weight polypeptide fx venom

A
  • capillary leakage, third spacing

- shock at high enough dose

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13
Q

metalloproteinases fx venom

A

hemorrhage and spreading factors

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14
Q

thrombin like glycoproteins fibrinolysis fx venom

A
  • coagulopathy, thrombocytopenia, hypofibrinogenemia
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15
Q

digestive enzymes fx venom

A
  • spreading factors
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16
Q

myotoxins fx venom

A

muscle necrosis

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17
Q

What factors contribute to effect of venom

A
  • site, size, species of vicim
  • behavior and motivation of snake (dry bite vs venomous bite)
  • dead snakes bite
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18
Q

Crotalus envenomation signs

A
  • localized signs hemorrhage and swelling
  • systemic signs (muscle fasciculations, resp paralysis, severe hypotension or shock, venom induced coagulopathy, arrhythmia)
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19
Q

Respiratory distress crotalus envenomation

A
  • head bites horses and camelids
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20
Q

Tissue ischemia and necrosis crotalus envenomation

A
  • compartment syndrome

- uncommon in horses

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21
Q

Crotalus envenomation dogs

A
  • face/ head bites
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22
Q

crotalus envenomation cats

A
  • bites on front legs
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23
Q

crotalus envenomation ferrets

A
  • bites to face
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24
Q

Crotalus envenomation horse

A
  • bite on nose, legs
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25
Q

crotalus envenomation cattle

A
  • bites on nose or tongue
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26
Q

crotalus envenomation camelids

A
  • bites to head
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27
Q

Crotalus snake bite tx

A
  • immediate transport to clinic, hospitalize (observe), find bite, assess every 4hrs, neutralize venom, wound management
  • keep animal quiet
  • cause minimal stress
  • Benadryl
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28
Q

Crotalus snake bite contraindicated tx

A
  • ice
  • constriction bandages/ tourniques (inc likelihood of compartment syndrome)
  • incision/ suction
  • topical DMSO
  • corticosteroids
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29
Q

analytic findings crotalus snake bite

A
  • serum chem, cbc, coag every 4h (thrombocytopenia, anemia, neutrophillia, elevated CK, hypokalemia, hypocalcemia, elevated troponin in horses)
  • hemoglobinuria
  • Vic
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30
Q

VIC

A
  • venom induced coagulopathy
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31
Q

Supportive care crotalus snake bite

A
  • fluid therapy
  • airway support
  • heart rate and blood pressure monitoring
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32
Q

antivenin

A
  • expensive and has foreign proteins
  • allergic rxns (anaphylaxis possible) possible bc antibodies from diff species
  • helpful if you can get it but hard to get access to it bc not a lot made bc $
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33
Q

who to call for antivenin

A
  • Miami dade venom response
  • poison control
  • hospital or zoo
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34
Q

antivenin dosing

A
  • based on venom amount not patient size
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35
Q

symptomatic care crotalus snake bite

A
  • pain responses to antivenin
  • fentanyl for refractory pain
  • avoid morphine and NSAIDs
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36
Q

wound management crotalus snake bite

A
  • keep wound clean and open

- antibiotics after you have culture back

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37
Q

long term care crotalus snake bite dogs

A
  • hospitalize >8hrs observe >24 hrs
  • dogs should improve < 2 days
  • VIC can be refractory
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38
Q

long term care crotalus snake bite horse

A
  • hospitalize >8hrs observe >24 hrs
  • mortality in horses possible 5-7 days (myopathy, hepatopathy, resp failure, laminitis)
  • VIC can be refractory
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39
Q

Elapidae

A

= closest things we have to cobras in Us

  • coral snakes down south
  • dont inject venom have to chew
  • fixed fangs, round pupils, diurnal, red yellow and black bands
  • neurotoxic
40
Q

coral snake vs king snake

A
  • red on black venom lack

- red on yellow kills the fellow

41
Q

Sonoran coral snake

A
  • mouth so tiny can’t bite anything bigger than a mouse

- v shy and v rarely encountered

42
Q

elapidae snake venom components

A
  • alpha- neurotoxins
  • phospholipase A2
  • myotoxins
43
Q

alpha-neurotoxins clinical effects

A
  • neurological effects
44
Q

phospholipase A2 clinical effects

A
  • soft tissue injury
45
Q

myotoxins clinical effects

A

muscle necrosis

46
Q

clinical signs coral snake envenomation

A
  • small hard to find bites, snake may hang on in which case can find bite
  • neurotic effect can be immediate but tend ot be delayed
  • death
47
Q

cause of death coral snake envenomation

A
  • resp collapse

- circulatory collapse

48
Q

clinical signs coral snake envenomation cats

A
  • nicotinic effects when start off -> flacid paralysis
  • weakness and muscle fasciculations
  • ascending flaccid paralysis (resp depression and paralysis)
  • CNS depression, anisocoria
  • hypotension
  • myoglobinuria
  • hypothermia
49
Q

Clinical signs of coral snake envenomation in dogs

A
  • CNS depression
  • Emesis
  • Hyporeflexia
  • Hypotension
  • Hemolysis
  • Resp depression
50
Q

Coral snake bite tx

A
  • hospitalized monitoring
  • Baseline blood work (elevated CK, anemia w/ red cell changes)
  • Long T1/2 of venom
  • Stabilize
  • Antigenin early
  • wound management if needed
  • respiratory support
  • neuromuscular dysfunction
51
Q

Prognosis for Elapid envenomation

A
  • good w/ early aggressive tx, cats usually die

- can have prolonged recovery (cats)

52
Q

venomous lizards

A
  • Gila monster and Mexican beaded lizard
  • Chewers with mycotoxic venom
  • not aggressive will bite if you deserve it
53
Q

Tropical toad

A
  • poisons not venomous

- toxicosis from licking or chewing frog

54
Q

Sonoran toad

A
  • people lick these for hallucinations but heart can end up stopping
55
Q

toxic principle of toad venom

A
  • parotid gland secretions

- Bufodienolides (digitalis-like steroids)

56
Q

clinical signs of toad poisioning

A
  • dogs most commonly affected (drool alot)
  • vocalization, anxiety, inc resp rate, neurologic
  • death possible w/ in 15 min (can stop heart)
  • severity of clinical signs varies
57
Q

tx toad poisoning

A
  • if dog still conscious oral lavage
  • if seizing tx seizures
  • cardiac support
  • digibind = antidote for digitoxin but VERY expensive
58
Q

spiders

A
  • recluse spiders = myotoxic

- widow spiders= neurotoxic

59
Q

brown recluse

A
  • aka loxosceles
  • southern US and midwest
  • myotoxic
  • most likely to find venomous spiders in produce section of grocery store
  • bite when disturbed
60
Q

recluse venom includes

A
  • spreading factors
  • hemolytic factors
  • myelonecrotic factors
61
Q

local signs loxosceles bite

A
  • target lesions grow and lister

- 12-96 hrs see necrosis

62
Q

systemic signs of loxosceles bite

A
  • uncommon but can include:
  • hemolysis
  • dic
  • death rare
63
Q

avoid misdiagnosis sider bites

A 
NOT RECULSE
N- numerous lesions
O- occurence
T- timing (out of season)
R- red center (should be ischemic)
E- elevated (should be flat or sunken)
C- chronic (should heal in < 3 mon)
L- large (necrosis >10cm then probs something else)
U- ulcerated in < 7 days
S- swollen (except on face)
E- exudative
64
Q

tx loxosceles bite

A
  • wound managements
  • antibiotics PRN (La200 inhibits metalloprotineases)
  • negative pressure wound therapy
  • no antivenin in US
65
Q

Widow spider

A
  • lacrodectus spp.
  • usually black can be red; usually black with red hourglass or spots
  • males too small to bite only females bite
  • bite if disturbed when hiding or if eggs = threatened
  • one bite can = fatal (warmer climates -> more potent venom)
66
Q

latrodectus venom

A
  • widow spider
  • neurotoxic, acts at neuromuscular junctions, is paralyzing (-> neurotransmitter release of Each, catecholamine, GABA, glutamate, inhibits ACh reuptake)
  • inc nerve potential then -> dec nerve potential
67
Q

local signs latrodectus bite

A
  • cramping and pain near bite
  • minimal swelling
  • signs generally systemic
68
Q

systemic signs latrodectism affect who

A
  • cats and horses and camelids senstive
69
Q

systemic signs latrodectism

A
  • muscle cramps
  • abd pain and rigidity
  • hypertension and tachycardia
  • ascending flaccid paralysis (death bc resp failure)
70
Q

lactrodectism in cats

A
  • early paralysis
  • severe pain
  • cheyne-stokes resp pattern (rapid shallow breathing then apnea)
  • often die
71
Q

supportive care lacrodecitsm

A
  • cats need antivenin (die w/o it)
  • other animals may survive with just supportive care
  • min 48hr hosp
  • cardio and resp monitoring (support)
  • pain management and spasm control (opioids and diazepam)
72
Q

antivenin lacrodectism (widow)

A
  • equine origin, use in high risk patients (cats)
73
Q

lacrodectism prognosis

A
  • cats respond with antivenin but w/o it die

- signs begin to resolve in 48-72 hrs (some signs persist for months)

74
Q

scorpion poisoning tx

A
  • usually symptomatic tx and analgesia

- see tremors and cns stim

75
Q

tick paralysis

A
  • rare in US usually see in australia
  • female tick secretes venom that -> paralysis
  • if have paralysis of unk origin especially ascending paralysis consider this as cause
  • once take tick off recover like magic (use acaricides to make sure all ticks off if no contraindications)
76
Q

tick paralysis signs

A
  • ascending paresis (2-9 days after attachment), begins at pelvic limbs
  • resp paralysis in cats
  • facial paresis/ paralysis
  • remain bright and alert
77
Q

Hymenoptera spp.

A
  • bees, wasps, hornets
  • local rxn can -> resp obstruction
  • hypersenstivitis (some breeds)
78
Q

Apoidea

A
  • bees
  • barbed signer remains in vicrim
  • docile, but africanized bees are aggressive and will swarm can -> death if enough bees stinging
79
Q

Vespidea

A
  • wasps, hornets

- agressive, sting mult times

80
Q

Clinical signs bee and wasp sting

A
  • immediate pain
  • local pain/ swelling
  • skin sloughing in cattle
  • systemic response to mult stings in dogs (African bees) shock, DIC, hemorrhage
  • hepatic damage dogs and cats
  • bronchoconstriction cats
  • rhabdomyolysis and hemolysis horse
  • anaphylaxis
81
Q

bee and wasp sting tx

A
  • scrape stinger away, avoid pinching

- tx for anphylasix as needed

82
Q

solenopsis spp.

A
  • fire ants
  • all sting at once w/ formic acid -> pustules
  • can kill small animals
  • livestock death possible e
83
Q

fire ant venom

A
  • 95% alkaloids
84
Q

clinical signs fire ants dogs

A
  • no pustules
  • erythematous papules usually resolve <24 hrs
  • occasional systemic signs (rhabdomyolysis, DIC, seizures)
85
Q

tx fire ant stings

A
  • sytmpmatic and supportive care (antihistamines and ice)

- monitor for anyphylaxis

86
Q

mare reproductive lost syndrome/ equine amnionitis and fetal loss

A
  • ingestion eastern tent caterpillars
  • early / late term abortion
  • can also cause uveitis and pericarditis
87
Q

toxicity of caterpillars moa

A
  • caterpillar hairs penetrate intestine work way into bld stream and get trapped in capillaries, carry GI bacteria throughout body
88
Q

fetal lesions with mare reproductive loss syndrome

A
  • placenttis

- funisitis (inflam of umbilical cord)

89
Q

lesions with mare reproductive loss syndrome

A
  • unilaterally panopthalmitis
  • pericardiits
  • rarely encephalitis
90
Q

two stripped walking stick

A
  • chemical irritant can -> ulcerateve keratitis
91
Q

True setea

A
  • abdominal hair can -> irritation of skin (urticating hairs)
  • tarantulas and caterpillars (some caterpillars have modified settea which can secrete)
92
Q

blue tailed skink

A
  • can -> liver failure if eat tail
93
Q

puffer fish

A
  • can -> liver failure if eat improperly prepared puffer fish
94
Q

platapus

A
  • males have poisons spurs
95
Q

tetronodon

A

-venom in mouth

96
Q

moles/ shrews

A
  • have venoms
97
Q

pittihui bitd

A
  • produces poisin -> mouth numbness

Toxicology (3 decks)

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