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Week 1 Lec: Intro to Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.

A

Immunology

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2
Q

A foreign substance that induces such an immune response is called an?

A

immunogen

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3
Q

A foreign substance that induces such a host response is called an?

A

antigen

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4
Q

the condition of being resistant to infection

A

immunity

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5
Q

These are macromolecules that are capable of triggering an adaptive immune response.

A

Immunogen

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6
Q

True or False: All antigens are immunogens.

A

False

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7
Q

True or False: All immunogens are antigens.

A

True

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8
Q

This practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions was known as?

A

variolation

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9
Q

In 1700s, an English Doctor named ___________ discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox.

A

Edward Jenner

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10
Q

This procedure of injecting cellular material became known as?

A

Vaccination

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11
Q

The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as?

A

Cross-Immunity

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12
Q

In 1880-1881, A scientist named _______ works with the bacteria that caused chicken cholera.

A

Louis Pasteur

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13
Q

In this type of vaccine, the pathogens are weakened/less virulent through aging, heating, and chemical means.

A

Attenuated vaccine

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14
Q

In what ways do we weaken or make a pathogen less virulent?

A
  • aging
  • heating
  • chemical means
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15
Q

The word vaccination came from the Latin word vacca meaning?

A

cow

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16
Q

When and who: Smallpox vaccination

A

1798, Jenner

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17
Q

When and who: Phagocytosis

A

1862, Haeckel

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18
Q

When and who: Live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccine

A

1880-1881, Pasteur

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19
Q

When and who: Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis

A

1883-1905, Metchnikoff

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20
Q

When and who: Therapeutic vaccination (rabies)

A

1885, Pasteur

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21
Q

When and who: Proposed Humoral theory of Immunity

A

1890, Von Behring and Kitasata

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22
Q

When and who: Delayed type Immunity, hypersensitivity reaction (Type IV)

A

1891, Robert Koch

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23
Q

When and who: Antibody formation theory, concept of immunoglobulins

A

1900, Paul Ehrlich

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24
Q

When and who: Immediate-hypersensitivity anaphylaxis (anaphylactic/hyersensitivity reaction (Types I, II, III))

A

1902, Portier and Richet

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25
Q

When and who: Arthus Reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity (Type III hypersensitivity)

A

1903, Arthus

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26
Q

continuous production of soluble antigen which will attach to circulating antibodies, results in the production of immune complexes and will be deposited to tissues

A

Type III hypersensitivity

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27
Q

When and who: Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding

A

1938, Marrack

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28
Q

When and who: Development of polio vaccine

A

1949, Salk and Sabin

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29
Q

When and who: Vaccine against yellow fever (antibody diversity)

A

1951, Reed

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30
Q

When and who: Clonal selection theory

A

1957, Burnet

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31
Q

When: HLA

A

1958-1962

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32
Q

HLA stands for?

A

Human leukocyte antigen

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33
Q

Other term for HLA?

A

MHC/Major Histocompatibility Complex

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34
Q

The HLA in humans is an important part of the immune system and is controlled by genes located on?

A

chromosome 6

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35
Q

When: T-cell and B-cell cooperation in immune response

A

1964-1968

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36
Q

T cells are differentiated at the?

A

thymus

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37
Q

B cells are differentiated at the?

A

bone marrow

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38
Q

What do you call the lymphocyte precursor of T cells which came from the bone marrow through the bloodstream?

A

thymocytes

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39
Q

The role of T cells is to produce _______ that contribute to immunity. These are chemical messengers that influence other activities of the cell.

A

cytokines

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40
Q

Specific type of polio vaccine Salk invented?

A

Inactivated dead viral vaccine (Intramuscular Polio Vaccine)

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41
Q

Specific type of polio vaccine Sabin invented?

A

Attenuated live vaccine (Oral Polio Vaccine)

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42
Q

B cells produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and help regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response. This process is called?

A

Cell-mediated immunity

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43
Q

3 types of T cells according to function?

A
  1. Regulatory
  2. Helper
  3. Cytotoxic/cytolytic
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44
Q

CD marker on the cell surface?

A

CD3

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45
Q

CD4 receptors are mainly?

A

helper or regulatory cells

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46
Q

CD8-positive (CD8+) population consists of?

A

cytotoxic T cells

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47
Q

The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells is approximately _____ in peripheral blood.

A

2:1

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48
Q

When: Identification of antibody molecule

A

1972

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49
Q

When and who: First monoclonal antibodies

A

1975, Kohler

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50
Q

When: Identification of genes for T-cells receptor

A

1985-1987

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51
Q

When: Monoclonal Hepatitis B vaccine

A

1986

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52
Q

When and who: Th1 versus Th2 model of T helper cells function

A

1986, Mosmann

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53
Q

When: Identification of toll-like receptors

A

1996-1998

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54
Q

Toll-like receptors are a class of?

A

pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

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55
Q

Highest concentration of toll-like receptors are found in?

A

monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages

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56
Q

They provide surveillance for pathogens.

A

toll-like receptors

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57
Q

When: FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development

A

2001

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58
Q

The gene directing regulatory T cell development is called?

A

FOXP3

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59
Q

When and who: Development of human Papilloma virus vaccine

A

2005, Frazer

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60
Q

Papilloma (human papillomavirus/HPV) is the causitive agent of?

A

cervical cancer

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61
Q

All those physiological mechanisms that endow the animal with the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissues.

A

Immunity

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62
Q

It is structured to recognize, respond to, and destroy a wide variety of invading organism that would otherwise be capable of promoting infections, harmful to the body.

A

immune system

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63
Q

2 Types of Immunity?

A
  1. Natural Immunity
  2. Acquired Immunity
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64
Q

Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions.

A

Natural Immunity

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65
Q

Natural Immunity is also called?

A

Innate Immunity

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66
Q

A type of immunity that is non-specific, lacks memory, naturally-occuring, and with a standardized response to all pathogens.

A

Natural Immunity

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67
Q

Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent.

A

Acquired Immunity

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68
Q

Acquired Immunity is also called?

A

Adaptive Immunity

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69
Q

Type of immunity that is specific and has a diverse response to all pathogens.

A

Acquired Immunity

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70
Q

2 defense systems under natural immunity?

A
  1. External Defense System
  2. Internal Defense System
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71
Q

composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body

A

External Defense System

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72
Q

Examples of External Defense System?

A

• Linings of the respiratory tract
• Skin and mucosal membrane surfaces
• Secretions

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73
Q

Sweat glands secrete?

A

lactic acid

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74
Q

Sebaceous glands secrete?

A

Fatty acid

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75
Q

Acidity of the stomach is due to?

A

HCl/hydrochloric acid, which can maintain the pH of the stomach as low as 1

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76
Q

A naturally-occuring enzyme found in tears and saliva.

A

Lysozyme

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77
Q

Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organism.

A

Internal Defense System

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78
Q

The most important function in the Internal Defense System?

A

Phagocytosis

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79
Q

Engulfment of cells or particulate matter by neutrophils (PMNs), macrophages and other cells (esp. monocytes).

A

Phagocytosis

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80
Q

Examples of Internal Defense System?

A

• Inflammation and fever
• Natural anti-microbial substances
• Complement pathway→ esp. antibody dependent pathways
• Properdin
• Interferon
• TNF
• Beta-lysin

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81
Q

1st line of defense?

A

External Defense System

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82
Q

2nd line of defense?

A

Internal Defense System

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83
Q

3rd line of defense?

A

Acquired/Adaptive Immunity

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84
Q

Cellular Components of the Natural Immunity?

A

• Phagocytes
• Other WBCs (granulocytes)
• NK cells
• LAK cells

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85
Q

NK cells stands for?

A

Natural Killer cells

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86
Q

kills viruses and tumor cells prior to exposure

A

NK/Natural Killer cells

87
Q

LAK cells stands for?

A

Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells

88
Q

kills cancer/tumor cells

A

LAK cells (Lymphokine-activated Killer Cells)

89
Q

It has been shown that lymphocytes, when exposed to _____________, are capable of lysing fresh, non-cultured cancer cells, both primary and metastatic.

A

Interleukin 2

90
Q

It has been shown that ____________, when exposed to Interleukin 2, are capable of lysing fresh, non-cultured cancer cells, both primary and metastatic.

A

lymphocytes

91
Q

It has been shown that lymphocytes, when exposed to Interleukin 2, are capable of lysing __________________, both primary and metastatic.

A

fresh, non-cultured cancer cells

92
Q

Humoral Component of the Natural Immunity?

A

• Cytokines (IL, IFN, TNF, G-CSF, GM-CSF)
• Complement pathway
• Lysozymes
• Anti-microbial substances
• Beta-lysin

93
Q

50-70% of circulating WBCs, dominant, has 3-5 lobes, involved in phagocytosis, releases granules, increased if there is a bacterial infection, and capable of diapedesis

A

Neutrophils

94
Q

Primary granules of neutrophils contain?

A
  • myeloperoxidase
  • elastase
  • proteinase 3
  • lysozyme
  • cathepsin G
  • defensins
95
Q

Secondary granules of neutrophils contain?

A
  • collagenase
  • lysozyme
  • lactoferrin
  • plasminogen activators
  • ALP
  • NADPH
96
Q

Tertiary granules of neutrophils contain?

A

gelatinase and plasminogen activator

97
Q

Margination occurs to allow neutrophils to move from the circulating blood to the tissues through a process known as _________, or movement through blood vessel walls.

A

diapedesis

98
Q

These are chemical messengers that cause cells to migrate in a particular direction.

A

Chemotaxins

99
Q

Another term for diapedesis?

A

Leukocyte extravasation

100
Q

1-3% of circulating WBCs, increases in allergic reactions and parasitic diseases, reddish-orange granules, resembles ear muffs

A

Eosinophils

101
Q

Primary granules of eosinophils contain?

A
  • ACP
  • arylsulfatase
102
Q

Secondary granules of eosinophils contain?

A
  • Major Basic Protein
  • eosinophil cationic protein
  • eosinophil peroxidase
  • eosinophil-derived neurotoxin
  • phospholipase
  • histaminase
  • minopeptidase
  • ribonuclease
103
Q

It is an immune mechanism through which Fc receptor-bearing effector cells can recognize and kill antibody-coated target cells expressing tumor- or pathogen-derived antigens on their surface.

A

antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity/antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC)

104
Q

less than 1% of circulating WBCs, bluish-purple granules, regulates some T cells, stimulates B cells to produce IgE antibody, has a shorter lifespan of only a few hours, involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions

105
Q

Bluish-purple granules of basophils contain?

A
  • histamine
  • eosinophil chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis
  • heparin
106
Q

When basophils are destroyed, who collects them and where?

A

by macrophages at the spleen

107
Q

In eosinophils, what secondary granule is primarily involved in fighting parasitic infections?

A

major basic protein

108
Q

When IgE atatches to the eosinophil, what secondary granule is released?

A

eosinophil cationic protein

109
Q

These cells can be found on connective tissues and are larger and have a longer lifespan than basophils. Their nucleus is small and rounded.

A

Mast Cells

110
Q

Life span of mast cells?

A

9-18 months

111
Q

Granules of mast cells contain?

A

ACP, ALP, and protease

112
Q

largest WBC, constitutes 4-10% of circulating WBCs, possess grayish-blue cytoplasm and is ground-glass in appearance, has a kidney bean shape/horseshoe shape appearance

113
Q

Granules of monocytes contain?

A

peroxidase, ACP, arylsulfatase

114
Q

Other type of granule of monocytes contains?

A

B-glucuronidase, lysozyme, and lipase

115
Q

Lifespan of monocytes in the bloodstream?

116
Q

Larger version of monocytes on tissues.

A

Macrophages

117
Q

In macrophages, there is increase in the number of?

A

ER, lysosomes, and mitochondria

118
Q

Granules of macrophages contain ___________ at all compared with monocytes.

A

no peroxidase

119
Q

Monocyte-macrophage system functions in?

A

microbial killing, tumoricidal activity, killing of intracellular parasites, phagocytosis, secretion of cell mediators, and antigen presentation

120
Q

Function is to phagocytosed antigen and present it to T-helper cells.

A

Dendritic Cells

121
Q

Most effective antigen-presenting and potent phagocytic cell in the tissues.

A

Dendritic Cells

122
Q

The bone marrow have _________ that give rise to dendritic cells.

A

progenitors

123
Q

Macrophages in the brain are called?

A

microglial cells

124
Q

Macrophages in the liver are called?

A

Kupffer cells

125
Q

Macrophages in the lungs are called?

A

alveolar macrophages

126
Q

Macrophages in the bone are called?

A

osteoclasts

127
Q

Macrophages in the connective tissue are called?

A

histiocytes

128
Q

Protein discovered in the fruit fly “Drosophila”

A

PRR (Toll-like Receptors)

129
Q

PRR (Toll-like Receptors) is a protein discovered in the fruit fly?

A

Drosophila

130
Q

It plays an important role in antifungal immunity in the adult fly.

A

PRR (Toll-like Receptors)

131
Q

An invariant recognition mechanism that detects specific and unique molecular patterns associated with pathogens and inflammation.

A

PRR (Toll-like Receptors)

132
Q

they hydrolyze adenosine triphosphate and signals transduction

A

NBS-LRR Proteins (Nucleotide-Binding Site and Leucine Rich Repeat)

133
Q

TLR 1 recognizes protein in?

A

mycobacteria

134
Q

TLR 2 binds to?

A

peptidoglycan in gram positive bacteria

135
Q

TLR 4 binds to?

A

lipopolysaccharide in gram negative bacteria

136
Q

Engulfment of cells and particulate matter by leukocyte, macrophage and other cells.

A

Phagocytosis

137
Q

A process wherein cells are attracted to the site of inflammation by chemical substances.

A

Chemotaxis

138
Q

Type of chemotaxis: Towards the stimulus

A

Positive chemotaxis

139
Q

Type of chemotaxis: Away from the stimulus

A

Negative chemotaxis

140
Q

Examples of negative chemotaxis?

A

C5a, C5b, C6, C7

141
Q

Coating of antibody and/or complement to facilitate phagocytosis.

A

Opsonization

142
Q

Examples of Opsonins?

A

C3b, C4b, C5b, fibronectin, leukotrienes, immunoglobulins

143
Q

Steps in Phagocytosis?

A
  1. Adhesion - Physical contact between the WBC and the foreign particle
  2. Formation of phagosome
  3. Fusion with cytoplasmic granule to form phagolysosome
  4. Digestion and release of debris to the outside (exocytosis)
144
Q

Types of Phagocytosis?

A
  1. Direct
  2. Indirect
145
Q

Type of phagocytosis via opsonin receptors that recognize opsonins such as IgG, CRP and C3b bound to microorganisms.

146
Q

Type of phagocytosis via Pattern Recognition Receptors that recognize lipid and carbohydrate sequences on microorganisms.

147
Q

Pathways of Killing Pathogens by Phagocytes?

A

Oxygen Dependent and Oxygen Independent

148
Q

occurs when the cytoplasmic pseudopods enclose the particle within a vacuole

A

Respiratory Burst

149
Q

Respiratory Burst is involved in?

A

Oxygen Dependent Pathway

150
Q

Oxygen Dependent Pathway includes the use of what pathway?

A

Hexose monophosphate shunt

151
Q

Production of nitric oxide from oxidation of L-arginine by NO synthase which is produced by IFN-gamma activated cells.

A

Oxygen Independent Pathway

152
Q

Oxidation of ________ by ________ produces nitric oxide.

A

L-arginine by NO synthase

153
Q

NO synthase is produced by?

A

IFN-gamma activated cells

154
Q

is induced when the phagocytic cell comes in contact with a microorganism

A

Nitric oxide synthetase

155
Q

is a soluble, highly labile, free radical gas that is capable of operating against organisms that invade the cytosol

A

Nitric oxide

156
Q

In the presence of other reactive oxygen species within the phagosome, nitric oxide is converted to ___________ and other products, which are highly toxic to bacteria, yeast and viruses.

A

peroxynitrite

157
Q

It donates electrons to oxygen.

158
Q

product of NADP which is super toxic and converts to more lethal substances

A

superoxide

159
Q

It is the conversion of superoxide to hydrogen peroxide.

A

superoxide dismutase

160
Q

It is an important bactericidal agent contained in lysosomes.

A

hydrogen peroxide

161
Q

a green heme-containing peroxidase expressed mainly in neutrophils and to a lesser degree in monocytes

A

myeloperoxidase

162
Q

The overall reaction of the body to injury or invasion by an infectious agent.

A

Inflammation

163
Q

Both ___________________ are involved in inflammation.

A

cellular and humoral mechanism

164
Q

Tissue damage causes the release of _____ and _____ factors that trigger a local increase in _____ and _____.

A

vasoactive and chemotactic factors; blood flow and capillary permeability

165
Q

________ allow the influx of fluids and cells.

A

Permeable capillaries

166
Q

________ migrate to the site of the inflammation.

A

Phagocytes

167
Q

_____ and _____ destroy pathogen.

A

phagocytes and anti-bacterial exudates

168
Q

5 cardinal signs of inflammation?

A
  1. rubor/redness
  2. calor/heat
  3. tumour/swelling
  4. dolor/pain
  5. functio laesa/loss of function
169
Q

Acute phase reactants are produced primarily by ______ within ______?

A

hepatocytes within 12-24 hours

170
Q

Acute phase reactants are produced primarily by hepatocytes within 12-24 hours in response to an increase in certain intracellular signaling polypeptides called _____.

171
Q

2 major types of acute phase reactants?

A

C-reactive protein (CRP) and Serum Amyloid A

172
Q

Were originally named because they literally interfere with viral replication process in an infected cell.

A

Interferon (IFN)

173
Q

Types of interferon?

A

Type 1 and Type 2 IFN

174
Q

Type 1 IFN is also known as?

A

non-immune IFN

175
Q

Why is type 1 IFN called non-immune IFN?

A

because they are produced primarily during the initial innate response to viral infection

176
Q

IFN-α is primarily produced by?

A

Mononuclear Phagocytes by NK

177
Q

IFN-β is primarily produced by?

A

Fibroblast

178
Q

Type 2 IFN is also known as?

A

Immune IFN/gamma interferon

179
Q

Why is type 2 IFN called immune IFN?

A

because it is primarily produced as a component of the specific immune response to viral and other pathogens

180
Q

What type of T-helper cells produce Type 2 IFN?

A

T-helper type 1 cells

181
Q

What type of T-helper cells produce IL-4, 5, and 10?

A

T-helper type 2 cells

182
Q

Major mediator of the innate defense against gram negative bactreria.

A

TNF/Tumor Necrosis Factor

183
Q

TNF can also directly trigger _______ of some tumor cells through a receptor-mediated mechanism.

A

apoptotic death

184
Q

TNF is a pro-inflammatory agent together with?

A

IL-1, IL-6, IL-8

185
Q

TNF induce secretion of?

186
Q

TNF-α is also known as?

187
Q

TNF-α is produced by?

A

macrophages

188
Q

TNF-β is also known as?

A

lymphotoxin

189
Q

TNF-β is produced by?

A

CD4+ and CD8+ cells

190
Q

____________ is a complex series of more than 30 soluble and cell-bound proteins that interact in a very specific way to enhance host defense mechanisms against foreign cells.

A

Complement

191
Q

Complement Pathway is a heat-_____ substance.

A

Heat-labile substance

192
Q

A termed “Complement” was given by?

A

Paul Ehrlich (1980’s)

193
Q

In 1919, _______ was awarded a Noble Prize for elucidating the nature of complement.

A

Jules Bordet

194
Q

Complement activation promotes?

A
  • Activation of the immune system
  • Opsonization (C3b, C4b, C5b)
  • Eventually result in lysis of foreign cells and immune complexes
195
Q

Chronic Activation of Complement leads to?

A

inflammation and tissue damage

196
Q

Most plasma complement proteins are synthesized in the?

197
Q

Complement proteins are released in inactive precursors called?

198
Q

The complement system can be activated in three different
ways?

A
  1. Classical Pathway: Pillemer and colleagues discovered an antibody-independent pathway in the 1950s, and this plays a major role as a natural defense system
  2. Alternative Pathway: “Properdin system”
  3. Lectin Pathway: Its major constituent, mannose- (or mannan-) binding lectin (MBL)
199
Q

Cellular components of Adaptive Immunity?

A

T cells and B cells

200
Q

Humoral components of Adaptive Immunity?

A

lymphokines and antibodies

201
Q

2 types of adaptive immunity?

A

Active and Passive

202
Q

2 subtypes of Active Adaptive Immunity?

A
  1. Natural Active
  2. Artificial Active
203
Q

2 subtypes of Passive Adaptive Immunity?

A
  1. Natural Passive
  2. Artificial Passive
204
Q

What type of adaptive immunity: Your body produces its own antibodies.

A

Naturally-Acquired Active

205
Q

What type of adaptive immunity: attenuated vaccines.

A

Artificially-Acquired Active

206
Q

Example of attenuated vaccines?

A

BCG or bacillus Calmette-Guerin for tuberculosis (TB) disease

207
Q

Since attenuated vaccines are not recommended for the immunocompromised and elderly, what type of vaccine is suitable for them?

A

Inactivated dead viral vaccines

208
Q

Examples of inactivated dead viral vaccines?

A

Cholera and Typhoid Vaccine

209
Q

Specific examples of typhoid vaccine?

A
  1. Tetanus Toxoid - Tetanospamin - C. tetani
  2. Diptheria Toxoid - Diptheria toxin - C. diptheriae
  3. Botulinum Toxoid - Botulin - C. botulinum
210
Q

What type of adaptive immunity: placental transfer of IgG from pregnant mom to fetus and nursing moms feeding breast milk with colostrum containing IgA and IgG.

A

Naturally-Acquired Passive

211
Q

What type of adaptive immunity: administration of immunoglobulins such as anti-rabies.

A

Artificially-Acquired Passive

212
Q

Hallmark features of innate immunity?

A
  1. Mechanisms involved are non-specific
  2. Mechanisms that pre-exist the invasion of foreign agents.
  3. Components are pre-formed.
  4. They are non-adaptive, have a standardized magnitude of response.
  5. Lacks immunologic memory.
213
Q

Hallmark features of adaptive immunity?

A
  1. Reinforcement
  2. Inducibility
  3. Specificity
  4. Diversity
  5. Memory
  6. Specialization
  7. Self-Limitation
  8. Discrimination

IMSE (9 decks)

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