Week 1 Lec: Intro to Immunology Flashcards
Can be defined as the study of a host’s reactions when foreign substances are introduced into the body.
Immunology
A foreign substance that induces such an immune response is called an?
immunogen
A foreign substance that induces such a host response is called an?
antigen
the condition of being resistant to infection
immunity
These are macromolecules that are capable of triggering an adaptive immune response.
Immunogen
True or False: All antigens are immunogens.
False
True or False: All immunogens are antigens.
True
This practice of deliberately exposing an individual to material from smallpox lesions was known as?
variolation
In 1700s, an English Doctor named ___________ discovered a remarkable relationship between exposure to cowpox and immunity to smallpox.
Edward Jenner
This procedure of injecting cellular material became known as?
Vaccination
The phenomenon in which exposure to one agent produces protection against another agent is known as?
Cross-Immunity
In 1880-1881, A scientist named _______ works with the bacteria that caused chicken cholera.
Louis Pasteur
In this type of vaccine, the pathogens are weakened/less virulent through aging, heating, and chemical means.
Attenuated vaccine
In what ways do we weaken or make a pathogen less virulent?
- aging
- heating
- chemical means
The word vaccination came from the Latin word vacca meaning?
cow
When and who: Smallpox vaccination
1798, Jenner
When and who: Phagocytosis
1862, Haeckel
When and who: Live, attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccine
1880-1881, Pasteur
When and who: Cellular theory of immunity through phagocytosis
1883-1905, Metchnikoff
When and who: Therapeutic vaccination (rabies)
1885, Pasteur
When and who: Proposed Humoral theory of Immunity
1890, Von Behring and Kitasata
When and who: Delayed type Immunity, hypersensitivity reaction (Type IV)
1891, Robert Koch
When and who: Antibody formation theory, concept of immunoglobulins
1900, Paul Ehrlich
When and who: Immediate-hypersensitivity anaphylaxis (anaphylactic/hyersensitivity reaction (Types I, II, III))
1902, Portier and Richet
When and who: Arthus Reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity (Type III hypersensitivity)
1903, Arthus
continuous production of soluble antigen which will attach to circulating antibodies, results in the production of immune complexes and will be deposited to tissues
Type III hypersensitivity
When and who: Hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding
1938, Marrack
When and who: Development of polio vaccine
1949, Salk and Sabin
When and who: Vaccine against yellow fever (antibody diversity)
1951, Reed
When and who: Clonal selection theory
1957, Burnet
When: HLA
1958-1962
HLA stands for?
Human leukocyte antigen
Other term for HLA?
MHC/Major Histocompatibility Complex
The HLA in humans is an important part of the immune system and is controlled by genes located on?
chromosome 6
When: T-cell and B-cell cooperation in immune response
1964-1968
T cells are differentiated at the?
thymus
B cells are differentiated at the?
bone marrow
What do you call the lymphocyte precursor of T cells which came from the bone marrow through the bloodstream?
thymocytes
The role of T cells is to produce _______ that contribute to immunity. These are chemical messengers that influence other activities of the cell.
cytokines
Specific type of polio vaccine Salk invented?
Inactivated dead viral vaccine (Intramuscular Polio Vaccine)
Specific type of polio vaccine Sabin invented?
Attenuated live vaccine (Oral Polio Vaccine)
B cells produce antibodies, assisting in killing tumor cells or infected target cells, and help regulate both the innate and adaptive immune response. This process is called?
Cell-mediated immunity
3 types of T cells according to function?
- Regulatory
- Helper
- Cytotoxic/cytolytic
CD marker on the cell surface?
CD3
CD4 receptors are mainly?
helper or regulatory cells
CD8-positive (CD8+) population consists of?
cytotoxic T cells
The ratio of CD4+ to CD8+ cells is approximately _____ in peripheral blood.
2:1
When: Identification of antibody molecule
1972
When and who: First monoclonal antibodies
1975, Kohler
When: Identification of genes for T-cells receptor
1985-1987
When: Monoclonal Hepatitis B vaccine
1986
When and who: Th1 versus Th2 model of T helper cells function
1986, Mosmann
When: Identification of toll-like receptors
1996-1998
Toll-like receptors are a class of?
pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)
Highest concentration of toll-like receptors are found in?
monocytes, neutrophils, and macrophages
They provide surveillance for pathogens.
toll-like receptors
When: FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development
2001
The gene directing regulatory T cell development is called?
FOXP3
When and who: Development of human Papilloma virus vaccine
2005, Frazer
Papilloma (human papillomavirus/HPV) is the causitive agent of?
cervical cancer
All those physiological mechanisms that endow the animal with the capacity to recognize materials as foreign to itself and to neutralize, eliminate or metabolize them with or without injury to its own tissues.
Immunity
It is structured to recognize, respond to, and destroy a wide variety of invading organism that would otherwise be capable of promoting infections, harmful to the body.
immune system
2 Types of Immunity?
- Natural Immunity
- Acquired Immunity
Ability of an individual to resist infections by means of normally present body functions.
Natural Immunity
Natural Immunity is also called?
Innate Immunity
A type of immunity that is non-specific, lacks memory, naturally-occuring, and with a standardized response to all pathogens.
Natural Immunity
Type of resistance that is characterized by specificity for each individual pathogen, or microbial agent.
Acquired Immunity
Acquired Immunity is also called?
Adaptive Immunity
Type of immunity that is specific and has a diverse response to all pathogens.
Acquired Immunity
2 defense systems under natural immunity?
- External Defense System
- Internal Defense System
composed of structural barriers that prevent most infectious agents from entering the body
External Defense System
Examples of External Defense System?
• Linings of the respiratory tract
• Skin and mucosal membrane surfaces
• Secretions
Sweat glands secrete?
lactic acid
Sebaceous glands secrete?
Fatty acid
Acidity of the stomach is due to?
HCl/hydrochloric acid, which can maintain the pH of the stomach as low as 1
A naturally-occuring enzyme found in tears and saliva.
Lysozyme
Designed to recognize molecules that are unique to infectious organism.
Internal Defense System
The most important function in the Internal Defense System?
Phagocytosis
Engulfment of cells or particulate matter by neutrophils (PMNs), macrophages and other cells (esp. monocytes).
Phagocytosis
Examples of Internal Defense System?
• Inflammation and fever
• Natural anti-microbial substances
• Complement pathway→ esp. antibody dependent pathways
• Properdin
• Interferon
• TNF
• Beta-lysin
1st line of defense?
External Defense System
2nd line of defense?
Internal Defense System
3rd line of defense?
Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
Cellular Components of the Natural Immunity?
• Phagocytes
• Other WBCs (granulocytes)
• NK cells
• LAK cells
NK cells stands for?
Natural Killer cells