Week 1: Introduction to Exercise Science and Activity Monitoring Flashcards
What is the number one cause of death in the US and Europe?
Cardiovascular disease.
Physical activity declines with age, but during what stage of life is the rate of decline most severe (according to Van Mechelen, 2000)?
During adolescence.
What percentage of Irish children are meeting DHCP guidelines for physical activity?
Only 14%.
What is meant by the energy balance?
The state achieved when the energy intake equals energy expenditure.
What does “energy in” involve within the energy balance?
Food intake (calories)…
1. Fats
2. Proteins
3. Carbohydrates
What does “energy out” involve within the energy balance?
Energy expenditure…
1. Basal metabolic rate (BMR)
2. Diet induced thermogenesis (DIT) and thermoregulation
3. Physical Activity, including
- Non-exercise active thermogenesis (NEAT)
- Exercise
What is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)?
The energy required for our bodies to operate at their most basic level (i.e., basic life-sustaining function).
What is Diet Induced Thermogenesis (DIT) and thermoregulation?
The energy expended in digestion and absorption of food (i.e., energy dissipated as heat after a meal).
The energy expended in maintaining core body temperature.
What is physical activity?
Any bodily movement produced by the skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure above resting levels (ACSM, 2011).
What is non-exercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT)?
Physical activity of daily life which are not for the purpose of improving health or fitness (i.e., gardening, homework, food shopping).
What is exercise?
Intentional physical activity that is planned, structured, repetitive and for the purpose of improving health and/or fitness (ACSM, 2011).
Which components of energy expenditure are most variable?
Exercise and NEAT (as they depend on behaviour).
What is the typical BMR energy expenditure per day?
Roughly 1500-1700kcal/day.
What is the typical DIT and thermoregulation energy expenditure per day?
200-250 kcal/day.
Physical activity is a multidimensional variable and an unstable behaviour. What is the coefficient of variation?
Roughly 5-8%.
- Equivalent to 75-120 kcal
What is a commonly used equation for measuring BMR (RMR)?
Mifflin et al., equations (a.k.a., Mifflin-St Jeor equation).
Men:
RMR = [9.99(BM) + 6.25(ht) - 4.2(age)] + 5.0
Women:
RMR = [9.99(BM) + 6.25(ht) - 4.2(age)] - 161
What is another accurate formula when used for people who are lean and know their body fat percentage?
Katch-McArdle formula (2006).
BMR = 370 + (21.6 x LBM)
Note! LMB is Lean Body Mass, given in kg.
How do we estimate total energy expenditure (TEE)?
Using the activity multiplier…
TEE = RMR x ( 1 + Activity Multiplier)
Activity multiplier is given as a percentage above the RMR, depending on the state of activity of the person!
(See slide 12 for percentages)
How did we TRADITIONALLY measure energy expenditure?
Using a Douglas Bag.
What is indirect calorimetry?
Indirect calorimetry calculates heat that living organisms produce by measuring their production of carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste, or from their consumption of oxygen.
- A reliable and accurate tool for studying energy expenditure!
What is the respiratory exchange ratio (RER)?
The ratio between the volume of CO2 being produced by the body and the amount of O2 being consumed.
- Indicates if the body is operating aerobically or anaerobically
- Allows us to figure out of the body is burning fat or carbohydrate (or a mixture)
Name a common questionnaire used to estimate physical activity.
IPAQ (International Physical Activity Questionnaire).
What do accelerometers measure?
A direct measure of body movement (acceleration).
In what ways can acceleration be measured…
- Vertical
- Vertical + mediolateral
- Vertical + mediolateral + anterior-posterior
