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BIO130: Molecular and Cell Biology > Week 1: Intro to Nucleic Acids > Flashcards

Week 1: Intro to Nucleic Acids Flashcards

1
Q

What is cell theory?

A
  • The cell is the basic organizational unit of life
  • All organisms are comprised of 1 or more cells
  • Cells arise from preexisting cells
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2
Q

What are the two main types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic cells and Eukaryotic cells

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3
Q

Describe Prokaryotic cells vs. Eukaryotic cells

A

Prokaryotic: No nuclei, single-celled, bacteria and archaea
Eukaryotic: Nuclei, single-celled OR multicellular, examples include plants, fungi, animals, humans

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4
Q

Name the parts of a prokaryotic cell

A

Flagellum, ribosomes in cytosol, outer membrane, DNA, plasma membrane, cell wall

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5
Q

Name the parts of a eukaryotic cell

A

Nucleolus, chromatin (DNA), nucleus, nuclear pore, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), mitochondrion, lysosome, vesicles, extracellular matrix, centrosome with pair of centrioles, microtubule, golgi apparatus, intermediate filaments, plasma membrane, ribosomes in cytosol, peroxisome, actin filaments

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6
Q

What is Ectosymbiosis?

A

A form of symbiotic behaviour in which an organism lives on the surface of another organism

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7
Q

Where did mitochondria come from?

A

Mitochondria were originally free-living aerobic prokaryotes able to use oxygen to help generate ATP

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8
Q

What is Ectosymbiosis?

A

A form of symbiotic behaviour in which an organism lives on the surface of another organism.

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9
Q

Describe the process of the origins of Mitochondria/Eukaryotic cells

A

Begins as a bacterial ectosymbiont, is engulfed by the cell, becomes endosymbiont, the cell begins to form an ER and nuclear envelope

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10
Q

What is the first line of evidence to support endosymbiont hypothesis?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts still have remnants of their own genomes and their genetic systems resemble that of modern-day prokaryotes

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11
Q

What is the second line of evidence to support endosymbiont hypothesis?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have kept some of their own proteins & DNA synthesis components and these resemble prokaryotes too

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12
Q

What is the third line of evidence to support endosymbiont hypothesis?

A

Membranes in mitochondria and chloroplasts often similar to those in prokaryotes and appear to have been derived from engulfed bacterial ancestor

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13
Q

Which of the following is considered to be TRUE regarding the evolution of eukaryotes?

A. Eukaryotes evolved before prokaryotes
B. The precursor cell to aerobic eukaryotes contained bacterial endosymbionts that lost all their original DNA
C. The evolution of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope to have been gradual processes that did not involve endosymbiosis
D. The evolution of eukaryotic chloroplasts began before endosymbiosis of the aerobic prokaryote by the anaerobic archaeal cell

A

C. The evolution of the endoplasmic reticulum and nuclear envelope to have been gradual processes that did not involve endosymbiosis

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14
Q

What is a model organism?

A

Living thing selected for intensive study as a representative of a large group of species

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15
Q

What are general attributes of model organisms?

A

Rapid development with short life cycles, small adult (reproductive size), readily available, tractability (ease of manipulation of modification), understandable genetics

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16
Q

What are examples of model organisms?

A

E.coli, Brewer’s Yeast, Arabidopsis, Dosophilia melanogaster, C. elegans, Zebrafish, Mice

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17
Q

The study of model organisms helps us to understand humans because ______________

A

We have similar DNA sequences and proteins

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18
Q

What is the simple central dogma of molecular biology?

A

Information in the cell flows from the DNA to the RNA to protein

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19
Q

What is mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA?

A

mRNA: messenger RNA
tRNA: transfer RNA
rRNA: ribosomal RNA

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20
Q

What is a genome?

A

All the DNA sequences in a cell or organism

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21
Q

What is a transcriptome?

A

All the RNA sequences in a cell or organism

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22
Q

What is a proteome?

A

All the protein in a cell or organism

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23
Q

What is an interactome?

A

All the protein-protein interactions in a cell or organism

24
Q

What is a metabolome?

A

All the small molecule metabolites in a cell or organism

25
Q

What is a phenome?

A

All the phenotypes in a cell or organism

26
Q

DNA, RNA, and proteins are _________ as linear chains of info with definite polarity

A

synthesized

27
Q

What are nucleic acids?

A

The genetic material in a cell

28
Q

What does DNA stand for? And what does the prefix mean?

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid. The prefix deoxy- means it is missing an oxygen

29
Q

It is the _________ of DNA that makes it very stable and allows it to function

30
Q

What does RNA stand for?

A

Ribonucleic acid (it has oxygen!)

31
Q

What are the three parts of a nucleotide?

A
  1. Pentose sugar
  2. Nitrogenous base
  3. Phosphate group
32
Q

Which C on the sugar is the phosphate group attached to?

A

The 5’ carbon

33
Q

Which C on the sugar is the nitrogenous base attached to?

A

The 1’ carbon

34
Q

What are the two kinds of bases? How many rings does each kind have?

A

Pyrimidine: 1 (LONGER NAME)
Purine: 2 (SHORTER NAME)

35
Q

Which bases are pyrimidines?

A

cytosine, thymine, uracil

36
Q

Which bases are purines?

A

adenine, guanine

37
Q

What are the differences between RNA and DNA?

A

RNA: Ribose; Bases: G, C, A, U
DNA: Deoxyribose; Bases: G, C, A, T

38
Q

What distinguishes thymine from uracil?

A

Thymine in DNA has an extra methyl

39
Q

Sugar + base + 1P = ?

A

Nucleoside MONOphosphate (which is a nucleotide)

40
Q

Sugar + base + 2P = ?

A

Nucleoside DIphosphate (which is a nucleotide)

41
Q

Sugar + base + 3P = ?

A

Nucleoside TRIphosphate (which is a nucleotide)

42
Q

Base + sugar = ?

A

NucleoSIDE

43
Q

Base + Sugar + at LEAST 1 Phosphate = ?

A

NuceloTIDE

44
Q

DNA is synthesized from deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates, aka ______

45
Q

RNA is synthesized from ribonucleic triphosphates, aka ________

46
Q

Nucleosides are linked together by ___________ bonds

A

Phosphodiester

47
Q

What are examples of noncovalent attractions?

A

Electrostatic attractions, hydrogen bonds, Van der Waals attractions, Hydrophobic attractions

48
Q

Double stranded DNA is _________ and __________

A

anti-parallel; complimentary

49
Q

What does anti-parallel mean for DNA?

A

1 strand goes from 5’ to 3’, the other strand goes from 3’ to 5’

50
Q

What does complimentary mean for DNA?

A

The bases (ATGC) pair up in a complimentary way

51
Q

What are the base pairs and how many hydrogen bonds hold them together?

A

A pairs with T with TWO H-bonds
G pairs with C with THREE H-bonds

52
Q

What are three forces that keep DNA strands together?

A
  1. Hydrogen bonds
  2. Hydrophobic interactions
  3. Van der Waals attractions
53
Q

Why is a symmetric double helix incorrect?

A

A double helix should have a major and minor groove

54
Q

What is the separation of DNA strands important for?

A

DNA replication

55
Q

What temperature range would it take to denature DNA strands?

A

95C - 100C

56
Q

What are the two ends of the DNA strands composed of?

A

5’ end: Phosphate group
3’ end: Hydroxyl group

57
Q

Genetic changes acted on by selection are best described as the fundamentals of what process?

A. evolution
B. regeneration
C. DNA replication
D. reproduction

A

A. evolution

BIO130: Molecular and Cell Biology (7 decks)

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