Week 1- Intro to Immunity Flashcards
Inflammation
Occurs with cell injury. Initially a good thing
What type of mechanism is inflammation and what are the main three?
Inflammation is a PROTECTIVE mechanism
1) destroy invading and harmful agents
2) limit spread
3) prepare damaged tissue for repair
Signs of inflammation
Signs (localized)
-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain
-loss of function
Two causes of inflammation
1) exogenous (trauma, surgery, burn
2) endogenous (tissue ischemia)
Two types of inflammation
1) Acute- under 2 weeks, can be helpful
2) Chronic- no longer helpful to the body
Phagocytosis
Break down and eating of antigens and debris
Chemotaxis
Process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue
Exudate
Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils and debris
Inflammatory exudates: serous
watery, low protein, mild inflammation (good kind, healing)
Inflammatory exudates: serosanguineous
pink-tinged fluid, small amound of RBC, immediately after surgery. Normal for post op
Inflammatory exudates: Purulent
Serve inflammation with bactrial infection, neutrophils, protein and debris (sometimes called fibrous exudate) sometimes has to be removed because it creates an abscess
Inflammatory exudates: Hemorrhagic
Lots of RBC’s, most severe inflammation. Not straight bleeding but can be confused by that. This is a big problem
Systemic manifestations
Cytokines IL-1, IL-6
-fever
-increased neutrophils
-lethargy
-muscle catabolism
Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)
Cluster of genes on chromosome 6
- AKA human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
- Proteins made be these genes are on cell surfaces (name tags)
Classes of MHC
Class 1 and class 2
Specific Adaptive Immunity
-Recognizes foreign invaders
-Destroys foreign invaders
Two types of while blood cells for retaining memory of invaders
B cells (humoral) - found in body fluid
T cells (cell- mediated) - antigens found on protein of cell
MHC proteins are used to discriminate between
self and non-self
Humoral Immunity (Antibody immunity)
B cells
1) memory cells- cells that remember exposure to particular antigen
2) plasma cells- cells that secrete antibodies
Antibodies are also known as _____. There are _____ types.
immunoglobulins, 5
IgG
Most common, 75-80%, protects against bacterial and viral infections. Previous infection or vaccination. Come after injury + infection, can move quickly in and out. Protect against bacterial and viral infections
IgM
10%, first to be exposed. Activates compliment for cytotoxic functions (they are signalers). Early and recent infections
IgA
secretary functions, protects against infections
IgD
Trace amounts in serum, more on B-cells, stimulates B cells to multiply and differentiate (B cell helpers)
IgE
Role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions, signaling of mast cell degranulation ( think allergic reaction)
Passive Immunity
- Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
-mother to fetus –> IgG antibodies can pass the placenta and IgA can be passed through breast milk. Mother vaccinated for COVID and passes to baby
-injection of antibodies
Active immunity
Protected state due to body’s own immune response (typically through memory B cells on the second exposure)
-Active infection
-Vaccines
Vaccine: traditional
Inactive or killed organism
Vaccine: attenuated
Weakened organism. Should not be given to a weakened immune system person. (Nasal flu)
Vaccine: Toxoids
Inactivated toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin (tetanus)
Vaccine: conjugate
Protein or toxoid from one organism attached to a disease-causing organism to stimulate response (H. influenzae type B)
Vaccine: mRNA
Snip of genetic code of virus and teaches antibodies to respond.
