Week 1- Intro to Immunity

Question 1

Inflammation

Answer 1

Occurs with cell injury. Initially a good thing

Question 2

What type of mechanism is inflammation and what are the main three?

Answer 2

Inflammation is a PROTECTIVE mechanism
1) destroy invading and harmful agents
2) limit spread
3) prepare damaged tissue for repair

Question 3

Signs of inflammation

Answer 3

Signs (localized)
-redness
-swelling
-heat
-pain
-loss of function

Question 4

Two causes of inflammation

Answer 4

1) exogenous (trauma, surgery, burn
2) endogenous (tissue ischemia)

Question 5

Two types of inflammation

Answer 5

1) Acute- under 2 weeks, can be helpful
2) Chronic- no longer helpful to the body

Question 6

Phagocytosis

Answer 6

Break down and eating of antigens and debris

Question 7

Chemotaxis

Answer 7

Process by which neutrophils are attracted to inflamed tissue

Question 8

Exudate

Answer 8

Fluid that leaks out of blood vessels, neutrophils and debris

Question 9

Inflammatory exudates: serous

Answer 9

watery, low protein, mild inflammation (good kind, healing)

Question 10

Inflammatory exudates: serosanguineous

Answer 10

pink-tinged fluid, small amound of RBC, immediately after surgery. Normal for post op

Question 11

Inflammatory exudates: Purulent

Answer 11

Serve inflammation with bactrial infection, neutrophils, protein and debris (sometimes called fibrous exudate) sometimes has to be removed because it creates an abscess

Question 12

Inflammatory exudates: Hemorrhagic

Answer 12

Lots of RBC’s, most severe inflammation. Not straight bleeding but can be confused by that. This is a big problem

Question 13

Systemic manifestations

Answer 13

Cytokines IL-1, IL-6
-fever
-increased neutrophils
-lethargy
-muscle catabolism

Question 14

Major Histocompatibility complex (MHC)

Answer 14

Cluster of genes on chromosome 6
- AKA human leukocyte antigen (HLA) complex
- Proteins made be these genes are on cell surfaces (name tags)

Question 15

Classes of MHC

Answer 15

Class 1 and class 2

Question 16

Specific Adaptive Immunity

Answer 16

-Recognizes foreign invaders
-Destroys foreign invaders

Question 17

Two types of while blood cells for retaining memory of invaders

Answer 17

B cells (humoral) - found in body fluid
T cells (cell- mediated) - antigens found on protein of cell

Question 18

MHC proteins are used to discriminate between

Answer 18

self and non-self

Question 19

Humoral Immunity (Antibody immunity)

Answer 19

B cells
1) memory cells- cells that remember exposure to particular antigen
2) plasma cells- cells that secrete antibodies

Question 20

Antibodies are also known as _____. There are _____ types.

Answer 20

immunoglobulins, 5

Question 21

IgG

Answer 21

Most common, 75-80%, protects against bacterial and viral infections. Previous infection or vaccination. Come after injury + infection, can move quickly in and out. Protect against bacterial and viral infections

Question 22

IgM

Answer 22

10%, first to be exposed. Activates compliment for cytotoxic functions (they are signalers). Early and recent infections

Question 23

IgA

Answer 23

secretary functions, protects against infections

Question 24

IgD

Answer 24

Trace amounts in serum, more on B-cells, stimulates B cells to multiply and differentiate (B cell helpers)

Question 25

IgE

Answer 25

Role in immunity against parasites and allergic reactions, signaling of mast cell degranulation ( think allergic reaction)

Question 26

Passive Immunity

Answer 26

• Transfer of plasma containing antibodies from an immunized person to non-immunized person
  -mother to fetus –> IgG antibodies can pass the placenta and IgA can be passed through breast milk. Mother vaccinated for COVID and passes to baby
  -injection of antibodies

Question 27

Active immunity

Answer 27

Protected state due to body’s own immune response (typically through memory B cells on the second exposure)
-Active infection
-Vaccines

Question 28

Vaccine: traditional

Answer 28

Inactive or killed organism

Question 29

Vaccine: attenuated

Answer 29

Weakened organism. Should not be given to a weakened immune system person. (Nasal flu)

Question 30

Vaccine: Toxoids

Answer 30

Inactivated toxins that stimulate production of antitoxin (tetanus)

Question 31

Vaccine: conjugate

Answer 31

Protein or toxoid from one organism attached to a disease-causing organism to stimulate response (H. influenzae type B)

Question 32

Vaccine: mRNA

Answer 32

Snip of genetic code of virus and teaches antibodies to respond.