Week 1- Cellular Adaptation and Gangrene

Question 1

Cellular Adaptation

Answer 1

Changes that your body goes through to permit survival and maintenance of cellular function
- Cells can change their size OR from
- Can be normal or abnormal

Question 2

Atrophy

Answer 2

Decreased or shrinking cell size (once a particular number of cells do this, an entire organ can)

• Atrophied cells have decreased protein synthesis (building) and or increased protein catabolism (breakdown)

Question 3

Two types of atrophy

Answer 3

Physiologic: related to developmental issue (less common)

Pathologic: related to decrease workload or changed environmental conditions (blood supply, hormonal problems, prolonged immobility, aging)

Question 4

Hypertrophy

Answer 4

Increased in the size of the cell and can increase function of the cell. Typically in response to mechanical stimuli (repetitive stretching, chronic pressure, prolonged volume overload)

-Heart and kidney most prone to neg. adaptation

-Muscle/skeletal cells do this naturally and appropriately

Question 5

Hyperplasia

Answer 5

Increase in NUMBER of cells
-Results from increased rate of cellular division, usually in response to prolonged injury of severe injury
-Usually never a good thing
-Only cells who have ability to divide (skin, intestinal, glandular)

-Can be normal PHYSIOLOGICAL hyperplasia
1) pregnancy related change
2) wound healing

Question 6

Where is hyperplasia common?

Answer 6

Common in cancers, prostate, thyroid, etc.

Question 7

Dysplasia

Answer 7

Abnormal changes in size/shape/organization of mature cells
- Often associated with neoplastic growths (cancerous cells)
- Does not = cancer. Classififed as mild/mod./severe
- Can be reversible
-inflammation and chronic irritation

Question 8

Metaplaisa

Answer 8

Reversible replacement of one type of mature cell to another.
- often the replacement is less specific to that area.
- Can be a pathologic response to chronic irritation & inflammation
- MOST associated with cancer
- Allows cells to survive better in a hostile environment. It is reversible

Question 9

Neoplasia

Answer 9

Cellular growth not responding to normal regulator processes (usually because of a gene mutation)

-Anaplasia cells- differentiate to immature form or embryonic form (cancer cells). Associated with neoplasms and malignant tumors

• Cancer –> uncontrolled cellular growth with rapid uncontrolled proliferation and loss of ability of cells to differentiation

Question 10

Neoplasms- benign

Answer 10

-differentiated cells (less anaplastic)
- reproduce more rapidly than normal cells
-more like normal cells and unable to metastasize
-grow slowly
-frequently encapsulated
-do not usually cause problems in an area that is sensitive to compression such as the brain

Question 11

Neoplasm- malignant/ cancer

Answer 11

• undifferentiated cells (more anaplastic)
  -reproduce rapidly with atypical cells
  -often metastasize (sites near primary site or distant)
  -no capsule

Question 12

Necrosis

Answer 12

Cellular injury that can lead to cell death.
-Irreversible (leads to swelling, bursting of cell, inflammation)

Question 13

Ischemic necrosis

Answer 13

Infarction/ prolonged ischemia. Can lead to gangrene

Question 14

Liquefactive necrosis

Answer 14

In tissues with a lot of lipids (brain) or where there are numerous inflammatory cells- release of proteolytic enzymes which destroy tissue

Question 15

Most common gangrene site in clinical setting

Answer 15

Lower extremities

Question 16

How does gangrene develop?

Answer 16

Poor circulation –> small wound –> bacteria gets in it can’t fight effectively because no blood flow

Question 17

Three types of gangrene

Answer 17

1) Dry- blackened, dry, wrinkled. Minimal bacteria present, slow spread, weeks or month, line between tissue ‘demarkation line’

2) Wet- liquefaction, foul smelling, rapid spread, can be systemic. Extensive damage from bacteria and WBCs. Fatty internal organs and can be in the limbs. Rapid spread. Confused, tachycardia, no demarkation line’

3) Gas- clostridium perfringens, gaseous bubbles. Anaerobic and spore forming. Compound fracture or trauma because it is found in soil. Very serious