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NRSG 329 > Week 1 - Growth and Development > Flashcards

Week 1 - Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

define maturation

A
  • total way a person grows/ develops
  • gene growth
  • can depend on physical/ psychological environments
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2
Q

define growth

A

increase in physical size measured in quantitative numbers

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3
Q

what are the main things we assess for growth ?

A
  • height
  • weight
  • head circumference
  • body proportion
  • teeth
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4
Q

define developement

A
  • function of the body
  • all pieces over the progress of time
  • words/ self expression improves
  • ask questions
    social group expansion
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5
Q

do toddlers play together?

A

no for the most part they parallel play

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6
Q

do preschoolers play together?

A

yes

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7
Q

when kids are developing what happens with their emotions?

A
  • have lots but not able to regulate or organize them
  • very concrete thinkers/ learners
  • self orient over time
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8
Q

what are nursing goals for development?

A
  • notice obvious delays
  • understand how to communicate effectively
  • provide safe care
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9
Q

what is the first pattern of growth?

A

cephalocaudal pattern

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10
Q

where does the cephalocaudal pattern occur? Why?

A
  • head area (eyes/ brain)
  • grow faster than the lower parts
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11
Q

what constitutes the majority of the body during prenatal development and early infancy?

A

head

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12
Q

what does tummy time help with?

A
  • strengthening
  • being able to list their head up
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13
Q

what is proximodistal?

A

growth occurring from centre of body out

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14
Q

once proximodistal growth starts what should you except? answer in the order it occurs

A
  1. grasping/ pushing arms and legs
  2. gross motor skills
  3. fine motor skills
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15
Q

development refers to what?

A

physiological, psychosocial, and cognitive changes occurring over one’s life span due to growth, maturation, and learning

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16
Q

development assumes what?

A

orderly/ specific situations lead to new activities and behaviour patterns

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17
Q

at 3 months old what is a major developmental milestone ?

A
  • raising head
  • controlling head movements
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18
Q

at 6 months old what is a major developmental milestone ?

A

sitting/ starting to roll

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19
Q

at 8 months old what is a major developmental milestone ?

A

crawling

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20
Q

at 12 months old what is a major developmental milestone ?

A

walking

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21
Q

at what age do we get concerned when kids aren’t walking yet?

A

18 months

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22
Q

paediatric growth charts are based on what

A
  • age
  • sex
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23
Q

for the paediatric growth percentiles, what is the average for any given age?

A

50th percentile

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24
Q

for the paediatric growth percentiles what are most children between?

A

5-95%

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25
Q

where on the paediatric growth percentile do we start to become concerned?

A

25% and 85%

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26
Q

where on the paediatric growth percentile are we concerned?

A

under 5% and over 95%

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27
Q

if a child Is 5% and under on the paediatric growth percentile, what are we looking at?

A
  1. malnourishment
    - are they growing properly
  2. if they are nourished
    - absorption
    - chronic illness
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28
Q

if a child Is 95% and above on the paediatric growth percentile, what are we looking at?

A
  • are the parents large
  • genetic issues
  • are they being overfeed?
  • obesity
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29
Q

if a child is in the 95th percentile what does this mean in regards to population?

A

only 5% of the worlds population is bigger than them

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30
Q

name all the developmental stages in order from youngest to oldest

A
  • neonatal
  • infant
  • toddler
  • preschool
  • school age
  • adolescent
  • adult
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31
Q

what is the age range for the neonatal developmental stage?

A

birth - 28 days

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32
Q

what is the age range for the infant developmental stage?

A

first year

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33
Q

what is the age range for the toddler developmental stage?

A

1-3 years

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34
Q

what is the age range for the preschool developmental stage?

A

3-5 years

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35
Q

what is the age range for the school age developmental stage?

A

6-12 years

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36
Q

what is the age range for the adolescent developmental stage?

A

13 - 16 or 18 years

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37
Q

what is the age range for the adult developmental stage?

A

18 years and older

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38
Q

some research to indicate that adolescence should be considered up to what as a result of incomplete brain development?

A

25 years

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39
Q

what are the 3 developmental theories?

A
  • erikson
  • piaget
  • kohlberg
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40
Q

in regards to the different developmental theories what is Erikson’s based on?

A

psychosocial

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41
Q

in regards to the different developmental theories what is Piaget’s based on?

A

cognitive

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42
Q

in regards to the different developmental theories what is Kohlberg’s based on?

A

morals

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43
Q

what are some other factors that can influence the development of a child?

A
  • genetics
  • resiliency
  • temperament
  • environment
  • having siblings
  • culture/ religion
  • income
  • SDOH
  • gender/ sex
  • illness
  • special needs
  • developmental disabilities
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44
Q

what makes up a child’s environment?

A
  • house they live in
  • people in home
  • rural or urban setting
  • community building
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45
Q

what are things that could potentially be in a child’s home?

A
  • air pollution
  • childproofed
  • mold
  • water source
  • food
  • second/ third hand smoke
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46
Q

what is anticipatory guidance?

A
  • car safety
  • fall prevention
  • injury prevention
  • preventable health care
  • accident prevention
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47
Q

in regard to anticipatory guidance, what’s included in car safety?

A
  • car seats rear facing until 1 year
  • only in back seats
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48
Q

in regard to anticipatory guidance, what’s included in car fall prevention?

A
  • never leave unattended on flat surface
  • can fall
  • baby walkers banned in canada
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49
Q

in regard to anticipatory guidance, what’s included in injury prevention?

A
  • burns
  • traffic
  • falls
  • choking
  • poisoning
  • drowning
  • electric shock
  • animal bites
  • safety
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50
Q

in regard to anticipatory guidance, what’s included in preventable health care?

A
  • 18 month enhanced well-baby visit
  • developmental screening tool
  • screen parents
  • promote early literacy activity
  • information about community resources
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51
Q

in regard to anticipatory guidance, what’s included in accident prevention?

A
  • automobiles
  • burns
  • poisoning
  • stranger danger
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52
Q

what are the 2 categories used for injury?

A
  • unintentional
  • intentional
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53
Q

what is included in the unintentional injury category?

A
  • road traffic
  • falls
  • fire/ burns
  • drowning
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54
Q

what is included in the intentional injury category?

A
  • homicide
  • abuse/ neglect
  • self-harm/ suicide
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55
Q

what are the leading causes of death in Canada for children 1-14 years old? List from most to least

A
  • accidents
  • malignant neoplasms
  • congenital malformations/ deformations
  • suicide
  • influenza/ pneumonia
  • assault (homicide)
  • COVID-19
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56
Q

where does anticipatory guidance occur?

A
  • schools
  • online
  • maternity unit
  • public health
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57
Q

who is at an increased risk of injury for kids?

A
  • males
  • age 5-9
  • lower economic status
  • rural or northern population
  • any minority
  • chronic illness
  • developmental delays
  • immune function
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58
Q

what does the nursing role consist of during hospitalization ?

A
  • admission
  • fall assessment
  • isolation
  • care plan
  • clinical pathway
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59
Q

in regards to the nursing role during hospitalization, what’s included in admission?

A
  • meet emotional needs
  • informed consent from parent/ guardian
  • ID
  • safety measures
  • procedures
  • transporting/ holding
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60
Q

in regards to the nursing role during hospitalization, what’s included in fall assessment?

A
  • Humpty Dumpty fall scale
  • 12+ = high risk
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61
Q

in regards to the nursing role during hospitalization, what’s included in care plans?

A
  • focus on the child not the condition
  • assess caregiver
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62
Q

in regards to the nursing role during hospitalization, what’s included in clinical pathway?

A
  • broad view of the entire team
  • goals/ outcomes
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63
Q

in regards to being admitted to the paediatric unit, what could be included in safety measures?

A
  • crib
  • ID bracelet
  • bubble top
  • no sockets
  • meds out of reach
  • no sharp toys
  • weight in KG
  • fire extinguishers
64
Q

in regards to the nursing role during hospitalization, what’s included in procedures?

A
  • simple explanation
  • keep parents close by
65
Q

in regards to the nursing role during hospitalization, what’s included in transporting/ holding?

A
  • cradle position
  • football position
  • upright position
  • colic carry
66
Q

what are the developmental stages in infants?

A
  • trust/ mistrust
  • movements
  • try to control body
  • reach for things
  • learning to put things in their mouth
  • mobility
67
Q

what are the major safety risks for infants?

A
  • falls
  • choking
  • poisoning
  • illnesses
  • cord strangulation
  • hot things
68
Q

what is the nursing role specifically when caring for infants?

A
  • nutritional requirements
  • promoting nutrition
  • teaching newborn care
  • promoting healthy sleep/ rest
  • promoting healthy teeth/ gums
  • promoting appropriate discipline
  • addressing childcare needs
  • addressing common developmental concerns
69
Q

what is the number one energy source for an infant? What’s it important for?

A
  • fat
  • brain development
70
Q

what is included in teeth/ gum care for infants?

A
  • rub gums
  • when first tooth comes out brush it
  • don’t put baby to bed with bottle
  • 12 months go see dentist
71
Q

what is an appropriate form of discipline?

A

saying no and redirection with repetition

72
Q

what are the developmental Stages for toddlers?

A
  • autonomy vs. discipline
  • no
  • talking
  • walking
  • dancing
  • start to interact with people
  • see others emotions
  • follow simple demands
73
Q

what are the major safety risks for toddlers?

A
  • poisoning
  • falls
  • choking
  • candy/ colourful things
  • cannot be left unsupervised
74
Q

what is the nursing role when caring for toddlers?

A
  • anticipatory guidance
  • safety promotion
  • sleep/ rest
  • dental health
  • nutritional health
  • discussing appropriate methods of discipline
  • support/ encouragement
  • education
75
Q

What is the leading causes of death and hospitalization for paediatric patients?

A

unintentional accidents/ injuries

76
Q

What is the second leading causes of death and hospitalization for teenage patients?

A

self harm/ suicide

77
Q

for toddlers is separation anxiety High? What should you use?

A
  • yes
  • use transitional object (blanket/ toy)
78
Q

for toddlers what does continuous reappearance of the parent do to the child?

A

-stress them out

79
Q

to prevent a toddler from experiencing separation anxiety from the parents what should the nurse do with the parents?

A
  • reassure
  • maintain trust
  • allow toddler to work through experiences
80
Q

with toddlers who’s parents aren’t present what behaviour is expected?

A

regression

81
Q

treatments in what room should be avoided?

82
Q

why do we need to be careful with soothers for toddlers?

A

b/c of teeth growth

83
Q

what does a tantrum look like in a toddler?

A
  • looks like they are really sad/ angry/ frustrated
84
Q

when should parents start to include physical discipline

A

not until at least 18 months old

85
Q

what are the developmental stages for preschoolers?

A
  • initiative vs. guilt
  • making friends
  • learning
  • sight words
  • color
  • shapes
  • tons of emotions they don’t know what to do with them
86
Q

what is the best way to work with preschoolers in the hospital?

A

using play

87
Q

what are the major safety risks for preschoolers?

A
  • big risk for falls
  • more adventurous
  • play grounds
  • street games
  • riding bikes
  • animal curiosity
88
Q

at the preschooler age what do we want to instruct to parents?

A
  • create independence
  • do not be a helicopter parent
89
Q

what is included in the nursing role when caring for a preschooler?

A
  • anticipatory guidance
  • emotions
  • appropriate play
  • reading/ numbers
  • proper nutrition
  • sleep
  • gender/ sex curiosity
  • discipline
90
Q

when caring for a preschooler what do you always need to ensure you do around communication with them?

A
  • tell the truth about timing
  • realistic expectations
  • children understand things literally be careful with wording
  • provide compassion/ tell them they aren’t in trouble, they’re safe and going to get help
91
Q

what types of discipline work for preschoolers?

A
  • time outs
  • redirection
  • body questions
92
Q

what are the developmental stages for a school age child?

A
  • abstract thinker
  • deeper understanding of relationships/ other people
93
Q

what type of explanation works well for school age kids?

A

simple explanations

94
Q

what is included in the nursing role of school age kids?

A
  • anticipatory guidance
  • emotions
  • play
  • school/ education
  • proper nutrition
  • sleep
  • sex education
  • discipline
95
Q

at what age can we see the impact of secure attachment?

A

school-age

96
Q

secure children will be able to tolerate what?

A

time away from parents

97
Q

when making decisions about care, how should the nurse ask questions to the school-aged child?

A

give simple choices

98
Q

how should the nurse attempt to organize assessments/ diagnostics for a school-aged child?

A

around a set school schedule

99
Q

how does socialization change with school-age children?

A
  • social issues with friends
  • figuring out relationships/ connections
100
Q

how is nutrition impacted with school-age children?

A
  • increase in picky eating
  • eating disorders
  • obesity
101
Q

how is discipline affected in school-age children?

A

understand consequences a bit more

102
Q

what are the developmental stages for adolescents?

A
  • identify vs. role confusion
  • who are you in the world
  • gaining independence
103
Q

what are the major safety risks for adolescents?

A
  • depression
  • suicide
  • car accidents
  • sex
  • alcohol
  • teen pregnancy
  • mental health issues
  • sports accidents
104
Q

what is included in care specifically for the nursing role in adolescents?

A
  • anticipatory guidance
  • sex education
  • emotions
  • interest/ life planning
  • school/ education
  • proper nutrition
  • sleep
  • parenting
105
Q

what are adolescents aged 11-14 concerned about?

A
  • height
  • weight
  • sexual development
106
Q

what are adolescents aged 15-17 concerned about?

A
  • self image
  • acceptance
  • group behaviour
107
Q

what are adolescents aged 18-2o concerned about?

A
  • education
  • career
  • community
  • lifestyle
  • dating partner
  • counsellors when future impacts career, education, long term goals
108
Q

what is the best way to provide anticipatory guidance to an adolescent in the hospital?

A
  • provide privacy
  • have parent step out of the room
  • have conversations with patients as we do will adults
109
Q

when asking a parent to leave a room so you can have a private conversation with an adolescent, what should you say to the parent?

A
  • ask the parents to step out of the room so you can do an assessment it will only take 10-15 minutes
  • inform them this is a routine thing you do with all children this age
110
Q

if your patient is an adolescent, what does this mean regarding consent?

A

can refuse medication as long as they can explain their reasoning

111
Q

why are indicators of child health important to understand?

A
  • provides baseline measures of population health
  • identify children/ family’s at risk for illness/ injury
112
Q

what are common child health indicators?

A
  • infant mortality
  • low birth weight
  • pre-term birth
  • injury mortality
  • injury hospitalization
113
Q

in what percentiles do we notice common child health indicators?

A

under 5th percentile or over 95th percentile

114
Q

illness/ hospitalization is stressful for the child, how do they normally respond?

A
  • fear
  • anxiety
  • behavioural distress
  • developmental regression
115
Q

illness/ hospitalization is stressful for the child, how do the parent/ family normally respond?

A
  • fear
  • anxiety
116
Q

illness/ hospitalization is stressful for the child, how do the siblings normally respond?

A
  • fears
  • behavioural disruptions
117
Q

what are the warning signs that a child is stressed?

A
  • crying
  • can’t control emotion
  • regression
  • isolating themselves
  • clinging to parent
  • not eating/ eating less
  • not sleeping
  • can’t concentrate or concentrate for shorter amount of time
  • stuttering
  • grinding teeth
118
Q

in regards to warning signs that a child is stressed what are examples of regression?

A
  • potty training
  • thumb sucking
  • wanting soother
119
Q

what are the fears for an infant 0-12 months?

A
  • loss of support
  • loud noises
  • bright lights
  • sudden movements
  • as they get older > strangers, separation anxiety, animals
120
Q

how should a nurse try to gain trust for an infant when they are 6-8 months old?

A
  • learn who their people are and gain trust
121
Q

what are some coping strategies that can be done for infants?

A
  • make calm/ stable environment
  • get parents to bounce baby
  • make whooshing sounds
  • soother/ bottle if parents ok with this
  • give them their blanket or stuffy
  • put on their favourite music/ song
122
Q

how do you make a stable/ calm environment for an infant?

A
  • low lights
  • make it warm
  • parents near by
  • calm/ soothing voice
  • swaddling
123
Q

what fears do toddlers/ pre-schoolers have?

A
  • separation from parents
  • the dark
  • loud/ sudden noises
  • injury
  • strangers
  • certain people/ situations
  • supernatural beings (clowns)
  • animals
  • large objects/ machines
  • change in environment
124
Q

when toddlers/ pre-school children are in the hospital how can we best prevent them from having fears due to a change in their environment?

A
  • encourage parents to do as many home routines as possible in hospital
125
Q

what are some comfort measures we can provide for toddlers in the hospital?

A
  • use nightlight if they have one at home
  • provide favourite blanket/ toy
  • explain things to them in a way they can understand prior to completing
  • have parents at bedside when completing tasks
126
Q

what are some comfort measures we can provide for pre-schoolers in the hospital?

A
  • provide more options
  • be creative
  • help parents name that emotion and validate it/ try to figure out whats going on
  • redirection/ distraction
127
Q

for a pre-schooler, provide an example of a creative comfort measure

A

this medication is going to give you super powers

128
Q

for a pre-schooler, provide an example of more options for comfort measure

A

do you want meds by yourself or with your parents here

129
Q

pre-schoolers do not have a good sense of what? How should you go about this ?

A
  • time
  • say you’ll be back when their shows done or when the timer goes off
130
Q

instead of saying shot or bee sting what should you say?

131
Q

instead of saying organ what should you say?

A

special place in body

132
Q

instead of saying stretcher what should you say?

A

rolling bed

133
Q

instead of saying pain what should you say?

A

hurt or owie

134
Q

instead of saying deaden what should you say?

135
Q

instead of saying put to sleep what should you say?

A

special sleep

136
Q

instead of saying specimen what should you say?

137
Q

instead of saying take (as in temp) what should you say?

A

see how warm

138
Q

instead of saying electrodes what should you say?

139
Q

instead of saying incision what should you say?

A

special opening

140
Q

what are fears that a school age child may have?

A
  • supernatural being
  • injury
  • storms
  • the dark
  • staying alone
  • seperation from parents
  • TV/ movies
  • death
  • tests
  • failure
141
Q

why do schoolbag children have a better understanding of death, injury, illness?

A

have better understanding of time

142
Q

at what age is it legally ok to have children stay at home alone?

A

10 years old

143
Q

provide examples of comfort measures for school age children

A
  • use things they like to connect with them
  • if they say no as them to explain why
  • if they are in a failure to thrive state remind them they didn’t do anything wrong/ just getting help
144
Q

what are fears adolescents experience?

A
  • inept social performance
  • social isolation
  • sexuality
  • drugs
  • divorce
  • crowds
  • gossip
  • public speaking
  • plane/ car crash
  • pain
145
Q

provide examples of comfort measures for adolescents

A
  • if not comfortable talking infront of parents ask them to leave
  • talk about anxieties/ fears and strategies they have in place
  • if friends on approved list have them visit
  • give patient back their autonomy
146
Q

what are some strategies that can be used to enhance communication with children?

A
  • recognize cognitive/ emotional developmental stage
  • use age-appropriate vocab
  • communicate through eye level position
  • quiet, unhurried/ confident voice
  • be honet
  • give choices only when one exists
147
Q

remember with children who are developmentally delayed, it’s a good idea to ask what? provide example

A

what their development age is

ex. child is 12 yrs old but developmentally is 7 yrs old

148
Q

what are some positives about a physical survey/ assessment?

A
  • prevent heat loss
  • minimal touch
  • colour
  • RR
  • ## focus
149
Q

what’s included in a basic data collection?

A

casual observation without touching and asking parent

150
Q

what’s included in a history survery?

A

ask about:
- safe environments
- coping patterns
- family values

151
Q

what’s included in a physical survey?

A
  • head to toe
  • ear exam
152
Q

what are some strategies you can use to build rapor with a child?

A
  • introduce
  • welcome
  • explain
  • teach
  • provide privacy
  • involve child
  • honesty
  • language
153
Q

how should you complete an assessment on a child?

A
  • list
  • observe
  • question
  • start with visual assessment
  • do least invasive thing first prior to touching child
154
Q

what are some approaches you can use to facilitate interactions with families?

A
  • introduce everyone
  • be nonjudgmental
  • good communication skills
  • respect family diversity
  • avoid assumptions about family beliefs/ values
155
Q

nurse role in family- entered care is to enter into what?

A

relationship or partnership with family to achieve goals of health for members

156
Q

family centered care includes what?

A
  • collaborative partnership
  • health/ function of family influencing health of client/ other members
  • family empowerment
  • security
  • cultural safety
157
Q

what re some key elements for family centred care?

A
  • interpersonal sensitivity
  • general health info
  • valuable resource
  • communication
  • respect

NRSG 329 (5 decks)

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