Week 1 general learning theories

Question 1

What are the 3 learning theories?

Answer 1

1. Behaviorism
2. Cognitivism
3. Constructivism

Question 2

What are the 3 emerging technologies?

Answer 2

1. Gameful interactions
2. Anthropomorphic agents
3. Immersive media technologies

Question 3

What are the 5 assumptions of LC4MP?

Answer 3

1. Evolutionary nature of cognition
2. Evolutionary nature of motivation
   Two underlying motivational systems
   (a) Appetitive system and (b) Aversive system
3. Nature of media
4. Nature time
5. Nature of communication

Question 4

What are the 3 subprocesses of learning?

Answer 4

1. Encoding [the act of creating a mental representation of a stimulus]
   (a) automatic = triggered by Novel (new stimuli) or signal (info we already know) stimuli
   (b) controlled = based on a person’s goals and interests
2. Storage [The linking of recently encoded information to previously stored information]
3. Retrieval [retrieving previously stored information
   (a) automatic = unconsciously encoding new information
   (b) controlled = consciously encoding new information

Encoding does not necessarily predict storage (but when information is s

Question 5

What are the 3 types of learning?

Answer 5

1. Recall [Bloom’s Taxonomy level Remember & Understand]
   (a) Free recall = without any cue
   (b) Cued recall = based on relevant ‘hints’
   (c) Serial recall = based on the ‘order’ of the information
2. Retention [Bloom’s Taxonomy level Remember & Understand]
   Having the information stored in long-term memory in such a way that it can be easily retrieved.
3. Transfer [Bloom’s Taxonomy above apply dimension]
   The process by which learning in one context is applied to solve a problem or make sense of a situation in a different context.

Higher up [Bloom’s Taxonomy] means a deeper level of understanding and knowledge

Question 6

What are the 5 sub-constructs of Constructivism?

Answer 6

1. Constructionism [thesis]
   Constructing tangible things instead of knowledge alone
2. Connectivism [you come across a Tweet on Twitter]
   Learning from other people, knowledge is not fully under our control
3. Humanism [primary school children can decide what they want to do]
   Learning is a natural desire, and people want to achieve self-actualization. Self-evaluation instead of grading.
4. Experiential [drawing]
   Learning by doing. Experiences
5. Situated learning [apprenticeships-tattoo artist]

Question 7

What are the key aspects of behaviorism?

Answer 7

1. What happens within the student is considered a black box
2. We learn from external forces
3. Focus on associative learning [conditioning]
4. We start as a blank slate

Question 8

What is the role of emotion in learning?

Answer 8

Perceived emotions might determine resource allocation (by activating appetitive or aversive negative evaluation systems

appetitive = stimulus perceived as positive
aversive = stimulus perceiv

Question 9

What does HSM explain about information processing and
persuasion?

Answer 9

Two different modes of information processing
1. Heuristic [The use of simplified decision rules e.g., mental shortcuts formed via previous experiences]
2. Systematic [ Careful and deliberative processing of a message]

Question 10

What are the key aspects of social learning?

Answer 10

Extension of behaviorism:
We not only learn from interactions with the environment but also from observing others’ interactions with their environment (and other people)

The people we observe are social models, often of higher status or authority

Question 11

What are the key aspects of cognitivism?

Answer 11

1. Trying to get insight into the black box of behaviorism
2. Processing information internally, adding to our schemata
3. Reflection (metacognition, thinking about thinking/learning)

Question 12

What are key aspects of (cognitive and social) constructivism?

Answer 12

1. Student plays an active role in constructing knowledge
2. Teachers are facilitators
3. Knowledge can be constructed individually (cognitive constructivism) or with others (social constructivism
4. Don’t start with a blank slate

Question 13

How can technologies play a role in education?

Answer 13

Support, not replace teachers and traditional educational materials [we should avoid chocolate-covered broccoli]

Question 14

How does learning relate to behavior change?

Answer 14

Behavior = knowledge x motivation.

If we want people to change their behavior, they need knowledge on what better alternatives would be.