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Resp lectures - semester 3 > week 1 - functional histology of the respiratory system > Flashcards

week 1 - functional histology of the respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the respiratory system contain?

A

mucous membrane and serous membrane

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2
Q

what does the mucous membrane line?

A

conducting portion of the respiratory tract, bears mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells)

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3
Q

what is the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles (branches 1-16)

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4
Q

what does the serous membrane contain?

A

outer parietal and inner visceral serosa (with air in between the 2 - like lubricating fluid of pleural cavity)

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5
Q

what does the serous membrane line?

A

the pleural sacs which envelope each lung

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6
Q

why are lungs shiny?

A

covered by moist pleura

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7
Q

what is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

respiratory bronchioles (branches 17-23), alveolar ducts, alveoli

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8
Q

which sections of the respiratory system are extrapulmonary?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi

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9
Q

which sections of the respiratory system are intrapulmonary?

A

secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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10
Q

what happens as you go from nasal cavity all the way to alveoli?

A

the walls of the passageways become thinner as their lumens decrease in diameter

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11
Q

which structures (from outermost) have the same type of epithelium?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles

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12
Q

what is the type of epithelium within the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles?

A

pseudostratified epithelium (goblet cells), with cilia and goblet cells (trap dirt) - lines the airways from the nasal cavity to the largest bronchioles

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13
Q

what type of epithelium comes after pseudostratified epithelium in the respiratory tract?

A

simple columnar epithelium with cilia and Clara cells (NO goblet cells)

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14
Q

what does simple columnar epithelium line in the respiratory tract?

A

terminal bronchioles (end of conducting portion)

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15
Q

what type of epithelium lines the beginning of the respiratory portion?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells and few sparsely scattered cilia

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16
Q

what does simple cuboidal epithelium line in the respiratory portion?

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

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17
Q

what comes after simple cuboidal epithelium in the respiratory portion?

A

simple squamous type 1 (gas exchange), some type 2

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18
Q

what does type 1 simple squamous line?

A

alveoli

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19
Q

where is the olfactory mucosa? function?

A

posterior superior region of each nasal fossa - allows us to smell

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20
Q

what is the order of the different pharynx from nasal cavity down?

A

nasopharynx –> oropharynx –> laryngopharynx

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21
Q

what are the different components of the nasal cavities?

A

non-olfactory regions & olfactory regions

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22
Q

what lies the olfactory regions?

A

particularly thick (tall) pseudostratified columnar epithelium, withOUT goblet cell (no mucus), has microbilli

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23
Q

what lies the non-olfactory regions?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

mucous glands & venous sinuses in lamina propria

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24
Q

what is the function of the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavities? how does it achieve this?

A

venous plexus swells every 20-30 mins, alternating air flow from side to side, preventing overdrying of the nasal cavity
allows arterial blood flow to warm inspired air (rich blood flow)

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25
Q

how is patency of non-olfactory region of nasal cavity maintained?

A

by surrounding cartilage or bone

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26
Q

aside from tall pseudostratified epithelium, what type of cells does the olfactory region contain?

A

olfactory cells (bipolar neurones - 1 dendrite extends to the surface to form a swelling from which non-motile cilia extend parallel with the surface - increase SA & respond to odours)

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27
Q

describe the lamina propria (middle mucosa) of the olfactory region

A

lamina propria blends with submucosa (layer above mucosa)

has serous glands to flush odorants from the epithelial surface

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28
Q

how do olfactory nerves form?

A

axons of olfactory cells join each other to form an olfactory nerve

29
Q

what does the larynx contain?

A

false vocal cord, ventricle (between the 2), true vocal cord

30
Q

what contributes to the resonance of the voice?

A

the ventricles with the ventricular folds

31
Q

what are the ventricular folds of the larynx lined by?

A

psuedostratified epithelium with mucous glands and numerous lymph nodules

32
Q

what is each vocal cord of the larynx lined by?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

33
Q

what does each vocal cord of the larynx contain?

A
  1. a vocal ligament (large bundle of elastic fibres, running front to back)
  2. a vocalis muscle (bundle of skeletal muscle)
34
Q

what do the vocal cords help with?

A

stop foreign objects from reaching the lungs

they close to build up pressure when coughing is required

35
Q

how big is the trachea?

A

10cm long, 2.5cm wide

36
Q

what does the trachea divide into? where?

A

2 primary bronchi in the mid-thorax

37
Q

how does the histology of primary bronchi differ from trachea?

A

primary bronchi’s hyaline cartilage rings and spiral muscle completely encircle the lumen

38
Q

where is foreign body more likely to lodge? (left or right bronchus?) why?

A

right bronchus

path of right bronchus more vertical than left

39
Q

how many lobes does each lung have?

A

3 on right (superior, middle, inferior)

2 on left (superior & inferior)

40
Q

what happens to the C-shaped cartilaginous tracheal ring with ageing?

A

transformed in part to bone

41
Q

what does the fibroelastic membrane (close to oesophagus - half moon crescent) contain?

A

trachealis muscle

42
Q

what do secretions form the epithelium and submucosal glands (submucosa) of the trachea and bronchi contain?

A

mucins, water, serum proteins, lysozyme (destroys bacteria), antiproteases (inactive bacterial enzymes)
lymphocytes contribute immunoglobulins (IgA)

43
Q

what is not present in cystic fibrosis sufferers?

A

CFTR ion channel molecule

44
Q

what happens in cystic fibrosis sufferes?

A

Cl- transport across membrane compromised
in respiratory tract, water doesn’t leave the epithelium in sufficient quantities to adequately hydrate secreted mucus (lack of osmosis)
mucus becomes viscous & less readily moved into oropharynx for swallowing - pulmonary infections can occur

45
Q

how does the histology of secondary & tertiary bronchi differ from primary bronchi?

A

similar except cartilages arranged as irregular crescent plates or islands, rather than rings

46
Q

how is the blood supply to the bronchioles and alveoli?

A

pulmonary artery & vein
bronchial artery to terminal & respiratory bronchioles
capillary plexus @ alveoli
lymphs

47
Q

histology of bronchiole

A

bronchiole has no cartilage or glands

surrounding alveoli keep the lumen open

48
Q

blood supply to bronchiole & bronchus

A

pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood (larger)

bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood

49
Q

histology of bronchus

A

small diameter with cartilage reduced to small islands

glands in submucosa

50
Q

why can absence of cartilage in walls of bronchioles be problematic?

A

it allows the passages to constrict and almost close down when smooth muscle contraction becomes excessive

51
Q

what happens in asthma?

A

bronchoconstriction (lack of cartilage in walls of bronchioles) can become excessive in asthma & cause more difficulty with expiration than inspiration

52
Q

why is expiration more difficult than inspiration?

A

during expiration the bronchial walls are no longer held open by the surrounding alveoli

53
Q

when do Clara cells appear?

A

when bronchioles get smaller, goblet cells give way to Clara cells, interspersed between ciliated cuboidal cells (respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts)

54
Q

what is the function of Clara cells?

A

secrete a surfactant lipoprotein, which prevents the walls sticking together during expiration
also secrete abundant Clara cell protein (CC16)

55
Q

what is the importance of CC16 - Clara cell protein?

A
  1. a measurable marker in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (if lowered, then lung damage)
  2. a measurable marker in serum (if raised, then leakage across air-blood barrier)
56
Q

why is it important not to have goblet cells in terminal bronchioles?

A

to prevent individuals from drowning in their own mucus in these very narrow airways

57
Q 
describe the passageways opening onto alveoli of:
terminal bronchioles
respiratory bronchioles
alveolar ducts
alveolar sacs, alveoli
A

TB: no alveolar openings
RB: bronchiole wall opens onto some alveoli
AD: duct wall has lots of openings onto alveoli
AS: composite air space onto which many alveoli open

58
Q

what can alveoli open into?

A

a respiratory bronchiole
an alveolar duct
an alveolar sac
another alveolus (via alveolar pore)

59
Q

when do new alveoli stop developing?

A

up to 8 years old

60
Q

what do alveolar walls have?

A

abundant capillaries
supported by a basketwork of elastic & reticular fibres
a covering composed mainly of type 1 pneumocytes
a scattering of intervening type 2 pneumocytes

61
Q

how close do alveoli lie to blood streaming in capillaries?

A

0.2 micro meter (um)

62
Q

what do type 1 cells do? how much of alveoli are composed of type 1 cells?

A

type 1 cells (squamous pneumocytes) cover 90% surface area for gas exchange with capillaries

63
Q

what do type 2 cells do? cover how much of alveoli?

A

type 2 cells (cuboidal pneumocytes) cover 10% of SA and produce surfactant

64
Q

what else line alveolar surface aside from type 1 squamous pneumocytes & type 2 cuboidal?

A

numerous macrophages - phagocytose particles

65
Q

what is emphysema? how can it occur?

A

destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of air spaces which can result from smoking or alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (misfolding proteins not secreted, can’t control lung tissue from self destruction)

66
Q

what do alveolar walls normally do? what happens in emphysema? hallmark sign?

A

alveolar walls normally hold bronchioles open - allowing air to leave lungs on exhalation
when alveolar walls damaged, bronchioles collapse - difficult to empty air in lungs
hallmark sign: pursed-lip breathing

67
Q

what happens in pneumonia?

A 
inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria
lung consolidates (tough) as the alveoli fill with inflammatory cells
68
Q

what is the most common causative bacterium of pneumonia?

A

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Resp lectures - semester 3 (8 decks)

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