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Resp lectures - semester 3 > week 1 - functional histology of the respiratory system > Flashcards

week 1 - functional histology of the respiratory system Flashcards

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1
Q

what does the respiratory system contain?

A

mucous membrane and serous membrane

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2
Q

what does the mucous membrane line?

A

conducting portion of the respiratory tract, bears mucus-secreting cells (goblet cells)

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3
Q

what is the conducting portion of the respiratory tract?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles (branches 1-16)

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4
Q

what does the serous membrane contain?

A

outer parietal and inner visceral serosa (with air in between the 2 - like lubricating fluid of pleural cavity)

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5
Q

what does the serous membrane line?

A

the pleural sacs which envelope each lung

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6
Q

why are lungs shiny?

A

covered by moist pleura

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7
Q

what is the respiratory portion of the respiratory system?

A

respiratory bronchioles (branches 17-23), alveolar ducts, alveoli

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8
Q

which sections of the respiratory system are extrapulmonary?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi

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9
Q

which sections of the respiratory system are intrapulmonary?

A

secondary bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles, respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveoli

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10
Q

what happens as you go from nasal cavity all the way to alveoli?

A

the walls of the passageways become thinner as their lumens decrease in diameter

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11
Q

which structures (from outermost) have the same type of epithelium?

A

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles

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12
Q

what is the type of epithelium within the nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, primary bronchi, secondary bronchi, bronchioles?

A

pseudostratified epithelium (goblet cells), with cilia and goblet cells (trap dirt) - lines the airways from the nasal cavity to the largest bronchioles

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13
Q

what type of epithelium comes after pseudostratified epithelium in the respiratory tract?

A

simple columnar epithelium with cilia and Clara cells (NO goblet cells)

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14
Q

what does simple columnar epithelium line in the respiratory tract?

A

terminal bronchioles (end of conducting portion)

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15
Q

what type of epithelium lines the beginning of the respiratory portion?

A

simple cuboidal epithelium with Clara cells and few sparsely scattered cilia

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16
Q

what does simple cuboidal epithelium line in the respiratory portion?

A

respiratory bronchioles and alveolar ducts

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17
Q

what comes after simple cuboidal epithelium in the respiratory portion?

A

simple squamous type 1 (gas exchange), some type 2

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18
Q

what does type 1 simple squamous line?

A

alveoli

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19
Q

where is the olfactory mucosa? function?

A

posterior superior region of each nasal fossa - allows us to smell

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20
Q

what is the order of the different pharynx from nasal cavity down?

A

nasopharynx –> oropharynx –> laryngopharynx

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21
Q

what are the different components of the nasal cavities?

A

non-olfactory regions & olfactory regions

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22
Q

what lies the olfactory regions?

A

particularly thick (tall) pseudostratified columnar epithelium, withOUT goblet cell (no mucus), has microbilli

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23
Q

what lies the non-olfactory regions?

A

pseudostratified ciliated epithelium

mucous glands & venous sinuses in lamina propria

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24
Q

what is the function of the non-olfactory regions of the nasal cavities? how does it achieve this?

A

venous plexus swells every 20-30 mins, alternating air flow from side to side, preventing overdrying of the nasal cavity
allows arterial blood flow to warm inspired air (rich blood flow)

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25
how is patency of non-olfactory region of nasal cavity maintained?
by surrounding cartilage or bone
26
aside from tall pseudostratified epithelium, what type of cells does the olfactory region contain?
olfactory cells (bipolar neurones - 1 dendrite extends to the surface to form a swelling from which non-motile cilia extend parallel with the surface - increase SA & respond to odours)
27
describe the lamina propria (middle mucosa) of the olfactory region
lamina propria blends with submucosa (layer above mucosa) | has serous glands to flush odorants from the epithelial surface
28
how do olfactory nerves form?
axons of olfactory cells join each other to form an olfactory nerve
29
what does the larynx contain?
false vocal cord, ventricle (between the 2), true vocal cord
30
what contributes to the resonance of the voice?
the ventricles with the ventricular folds
31
what are the ventricular folds of the larynx lined by?
psuedostratified epithelium with mucous glands and numerous lymph nodules
32
what is each vocal cord of the larynx lined by?
stratified squamous epithelium
33
what does each vocal cord of the larynx contain?
1. a vocal ligament (large bundle of elastic fibres, running front to back) 2. a vocalis muscle (bundle of skeletal muscle)
34
what do the vocal cords help with?
stop foreign objects from reaching the lungs | they close to build up pressure when coughing is required
35
how big is the trachea?
10cm long, 2.5cm wide
36
what does the trachea divide into? where?
2 primary bronchi in the mid-thorax
37
how does the histology of primary bronchi differ from trachea?
primary bronchi's hyaline cartilage rings and spiral muscle completely encircle the lumen
38
where is foreign body more likely to lodge? (left or right bronchus?) why?
right bronchus | path of right bronchus more vertical than left
39
how many lobes does each lung have?
3 on right (superior, middle, inferior) | 2 on left (superior & inferior)
40
what happens to the C-shaped cartilaginous tracheal ring with ageing?
transformed in part to bone
41
what does the fibroelastic membrane (close to oesophagus - half moon crescent) contain?
trachealis muscle
42
what do secretions form the epithelium and submucosal glands (submucosa) of the trachea and bronchi contain?
mucins, water, serum proteins, lysozyme (destroys bacteria), antiproteases (inactive bacterial enzymes) lymphocytes contribute immunoglobulins (IgA)
43
what is not present in cystic fibrosis sufferers?
CFTR ion channel molecule
44
what happens in cystic fibrosis sufferes?
Cl- transport across membrane compromised in respiratory tract, water doesn't leave the epithelium in sufficient quantities to adequately hydrate secreted mucus (lack of osmosis) mucus becomes viscous & less readily moved into oropharynx for swallowing - pulmonary infections can occur
45
how does the histology of secondary & tertiary bronchi differ from primary bronchi?
similar except cartilages arranged as irregular crescent plates or islands, rather than rings
46
how is the blood supply to the bronchioles and alveoli?
pulmonary artery & vein bronchial artery to terminal & respiratory bronchioles capillary plexus @ alveoli lymphs
47
histology of bronchiole
bronchiole has no cartilage or glands | surrounding alveoli keep the lumen open
48
blood supply to bronchiole & bronchus
pulmonary arteries carry deoxygenated blood (larger) | bronchial arteries carry oxygenated blood
49
histology of bronchus
small diameter with cartilage reduced to small islands | glands in submucosa
50
why can absence of cartilage in walls of bronchioles be problematic?
it allows the passages to constrict and almost close down when smooth muscle contraction becomes excessive
51
what happens in asthma?
bronchoconstriction (lack of cartilage in walls of bronchioles) can become excessive in asthma & cause more difficulty with expiration than inspiration
52
why is expiration more difficult than inspiration?
during expiration the bronchial walls are no longer held open by the surrounding alveoli
53
when do Clara cells appear?
when bronchioles get smaller, goblet cells give way to Clara cells, interspersed between ciliated cuboidal cells (respiratory bronchioles & alveolar ducts)
54
what is the function of Clara cells?
secrete a surfactant lipoprotein, which prevents the walls sticking together during expiration also secrete abundant Clara cell protein (CC16)
55
what is the importance of CC16 - Clara cell protein?
1. a measurable marker in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (if lowered, then lung damage) 2. a measurable marker in serum (if raised, then leakage across air-blood barrier)
56
why is it important not to have goblet cells in terminal bronchioles?
to prevent individuals from drowning in their own mucus in these very narrow airways
57
``` describe the passageways opening onto alveoli of: terminal bronchioles respiratory bronchioles alveolar ducts alveolar sacs, alveoli ```
TB: no alveolar openings RB: bronchiole wall opens onto some alveoli AD: duct wall has lots of openings onto alveoli AS: composite air space onto which many alveoli open
58
what can alveoli open into?
a respiratory bronchiole an alveolar duct an alveolar sac another alveolus (via alveolar pore)
59
when do new alveoli stop developing?
up to 8 years old
60
what do alveolar walls have?
abundant capillaries supported by a basketwork of elastic & reticular fibres a covering composed mainly of type 1 pneumocytes a scattering of intervening type 2 pneumocytes
61
how close do alveoli lie to blood streaming in capillaries?
0.2 micro meter (um)
62
what do type 1 cells do? how much of alveoli are composed of type 1 cells?
type 1 cells (squamous pneumocytes) cover 90% surface area for gas exchange with capillaries
63
what do type 2 cells do? cover how much of alveoli?
type 2 cells (cuboidal pneumocytes) cover 10% of SA and produce surfactant
64
what else line alveolar surface aside from type 1 squamous pneumocytes & type 2 cuboidal?
numerous macrophages - phagocytose particles
65
what is emphysema? how can it occur?
destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of air spaces which can result from smoking or alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency (misfolding proteins not secreted, can't control lung tissue from self destruction)
66
what do alveolar walls normally do? what happens in emphysema? hallmark sign?
alveolar walls normally hold bronchioles open - allowing air to leave lungs on exhalation when alveolar walls damaged, bronchioles collapse - difficult to empty air in lungs hallmark sign: pursed-lip breathing
67
what happens in pneumonia?
``` inflammation of the lung caused by bacteria lung consolidates (tough) as the alveoli fill with inflammatory cells ```
68
what is the most common causative bacterium of pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae

Resp lectures - semester 3 (8 decks)

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