WEEK 1 Fractures Flashcards
What are the 4 general categories of fractures?
- Traumatic (by sudden impact)
- Stress/Fatigue
- Insufficiency
- Pathologic
Transverse, oblique, & spiral fx lines are commonly found with which type of fracture?
Traumatic
High-velocity injuries often result in ____________ fx of lower extremity.
Open
Which types of fracture comprise the largest proportion of upper extremity fx?
Radius & ulna
Which age group is most affected by traumatic fractures?
5-14
What’s the difference between stress reaction vs stress fracture?
- Reaction: Partial break
- Fracture: Complete break
Stress fractures occur mostly in lower extremity & affect ____________ shaft & metatarsal bones.
Tibial
True or False: Female recruits are at increased risk for pelvic & sacral stress fractures.
True
Which type of stress fracture occurs because of forceful heel strike during prolonged marching or running?
Compressive
Which type of stress fracture occurs because of muscle pull & can become more serious if displacement occurs?
Distractive
Which type of fracture occurs if normal stress is applied to abnormal bone?
Insufficiency
Which type of fracture occurs in bone rendered abnormally fragile by neoplastic or other disease conditions?
Pathologic
_____________ fractures can also be classified as a subset of pathologic fractures.
Insufficiency
Which type of fracture has the line at a right angle to the long axis of bone usually produced by shearing force?
Transverse
Which types of fracture occur following a twisting or torsional force?
Oblique or spiral
Fragments displace easily in oblique fracture whereas nonunion rarely occurs in _____________ fracture.
Spiral
Which type of fracture is when bone is broken into more than 2 fragments?
Comminuted
Which type of fracture is when a fragment of free bone is present between main fragments?
Segmental
This is also considered comminuted.
Which type of fracture is the separation of a wedge-shaped piece of bone?
Butterfly
What are these fractures considered as? Greenstick, torus (buckle), crack/hairline.
Incomplete
Which type of fractures are more likely to be unstable?
Displaced, open
In epiphyseal fractures, an ____________ fracture occurs on or near a joint.
Articular
Which fracture is one of the most common osteoporosis-related fragility fractures?
Vertebral compression fracture
What are the 3 types of VCF?
- Wedge
- Biconcave
- Crush
True or False: Bone mass reaches max size & density by age 20.
False
It reaches max size & density by age 30.
What are the 5 steps in fracture healing?
- Hematoma formation
- Cellular proliferation
- Callous formation
- Ossification
- Consolidation & remodeling
When does bleeding cease & clot form in healing?
6-12 hours
When is there an acute inflammatory reaction & granulation tissue formed?
1-2 days
When does osteogenesis, fibrous union, & callus formation occur?
1-3 weeks
When is there continuity of external callus?
6 weeks
When is there remodeling of medullary canal & organized lamellar bone?
4 months - 1 year
Which type of fracture is active movement typically painless?
Stress/Fatigue
Where does nonspecific pain occur in insufficiency fx of spine, pelvis, or sacrum?
Low back, groin, pelvic
What is another term for bruise?
Ecchymosis
VCFs are often painless but when painful, how does initial pain feel? How about after a few days?
- Initial: Sharp & severe
- Few days: Dull & achy
True or False: VCF pain is postural and can feel worse with spinal flexion.
False
It can feel worse with extension or standing up straight.
What is the term for when a fracture heals in expected amount of time but in unsatisfactory position?
Malunion
Nonunion is when fx fails to heal with resultant formation of either a ____________ union.
Fibrous
What is the term for when fat globules from bone marrow migrate to lung parenchyma?
Fat embolism
Where do fractures related to fat embolism commonly occur?
- Long bones
- Bony pelvis
What is arthrodesis?
Joint fusion
Which type of fracture are usually uncomplicated & can be managed by rest & restriction from activity?
Stress
Which type of fracture may require immediate surgical intervention?
Unstable
Which type of minimally invasive procedure is direct injection of polymethyl methacrylate bone cement into fractured vertebra?
Vertebroplasty
Which type of minimally invasive procedure is insertion of balloon to expand a collapsed vertebra followed by bone cement?
Kyphoplasty
Autogenous bone grafting is most often taken from iliac crest or ____________.
Fibular
Which type of bone grafting is material from a donor?
Allogeneic
What is the time frame in which fractures in children heal? How about adolescents? Adults?
- Children: 4-6 weeks
- Adolescents: 6-8 weeks
- Adults: 10-18 weeks
Which type of medications are a negative predictor for healing?
Calcium channel blockers & NSAIDs
When can post op rehab begin?
1 week after surgery
Fracture will be immobilized until evidence of __________ formation on x-ray.
Callus
What is the term for significant swelling around fracture site contained within closed soft tissue compartment?
Compartmental syndrome
