week 1-fetal development and maternal adaptation PP Flashcards
What are the stages of fetal development
preembryonic- fertilization through 2nd week
embryonic stage- ends of second week through the 8th week (basic structures of major body organs and main external features)
fetal stage- end of the 8th week
is abiotic fluid sterile
yes
what are the tests you can do to determine if it is urine or amniotic fluid
fern test and pH
what is a normal amount of amniotic fluid
700-1000mLs
what amount of amniotic fluid is considered oligohydramnios? polyhydramnios? what conditions are associated with each?
less than 300mL- renal problems
more than 2000mL- fetal congenital GI and other malformations
G
G
what are the functions of the amniotic fluid
Maintain body temperature for fetus
Source of oral fluid
Source for fetal body waste
Maintenance of fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
Freedom of movement for musculoskeletal development
Cushions the fetus from trauma by blunting and dispersing outside forces
Barrier to infection
Allows fetal lung development
Keeps embryo from tangling with the membranes
Facilitates symmetric growth
Provides fluid for analysis – Lung maturity
Acts as a wedge of pushing pressure during labor
what color amniotic fluid indicates stress from the fetus?
yellow, green, brown, bloody, or black. usually the darker the color the more stressed the fetus is. yellow or green can suggest the passage of meconium within the amniotic sac.
what is the first sign of infection
fetal heart rate goes up then the mom spikes a fever.
hat is infection of the amniotic fluid
chorioanionitis
what is the umbilical cord comprised of
two arteries and a vein and whartons jelly
what does whartons jelly do
keeps the cord intact and prevents compression.
what issues may arise if there is only one artery and one vein
malformations of the CV, GI, and renal systems
what hormones are produced by the placenta
hCG
human placental lactose or human chorionic somatomamotropin
estrogen
progesterone
relaxin
what hormones are produced by the placenta
hCG
human placental lactose or human chorionic somatomamotropin
estrogen
progesterone
relaxinwhat is h
what does hCG do
the hormone to test for pregnancy
what does hPL do
causes insulin sensitivity so it doesn’t work as effectively
what three hormones are vital in having a good pregnancy
estrogen, progesterone, and relaxin
what does relaxin do
helps to relax the joints as the baby comes down
what Isi the first organ system to function and when does it happen
CV, end of 3rd week tubular heart begins to beat, by the 4-5th week the heart develops into a four chambered organ
what are the three adaptations in fetal circulation to bypass the lungs while in utero
Ductus venosus – branch at the liver
Ductus arteriosus – bypass the lungs
Formale ovale – between the right and left atrium
T/F it is common for a baby to have a heart murmur within the first 24 hours of life
T
what in the baby can you use to test for drugs?
the meconium and the umbilical cord
when is glycogen stored in the liver
starting at week 9-10
what are the glycogen stores like of a fetus compared to that of an adult
twice as much, they are a major source of energy
what vitamin do babies usually get right away and why
vitamin K for coagulation factors and to get the gut moving
when does the respiratory system develop
begins in week 4 and continues through week 17
what may be a problem for a baby boom before 32 weeks
not enough surfactant for the lungs
how ling does it usually take for the fluid to be reabsorbed in the lungs after delivery
2 hours
by what weeks can the fetus move all extremities and change positions. when can the mother feel them? what is this called?
11-12
16-20
quickening
when is the thyroid gland developed
3-4 weeks
what can be a result of hypothyroidism in the womb
mental retardation
when is insulin produced
week 20
what causes fetal hyperglycemia. what other problems can this cause?
maternal uncontrolled diabetes, macrosomia, block lung maturity
when are male and female genitalia fully and clearly recognizable
week 12
when are bones and muscles developed
week 4
the anterior fontanelle is ___ shaped
diamond
define presumptive, probable, and positive signs of pregnancy and provide examples of each
presumptive- those changes felt by the mother. N/V, breast tenderness, no period
probable- those observed by an examiner. Looking at the cervix, feeling the uterus, and pregnancy test
positive- fetal heartbeat, fetal movements palpated
what is Chadwick sign
the cervix turns bluish purple from increased vascularization
what happens to moms blood volume during pregnancy
it goes up 50%
when is the fundal height at umbilicus
20 weeks=20cm
when do you assess for uterine growth
at every prenatal visit
what adaptations happen to the cervix during pregnancy
softens, mucous plug formation, increased vascularization
what adaptations happen to the vagina during pregnancy
increased vascularity with thickening, lengthening, secretions are more acidic, white, and thick, perineal size lengthens
what adaptations happen to the breasts during pregnancy
increase in size, areola darkens and enlarges, Montgomery tubercles ore prominent to help them latch, secrete colostrum before birth
GI system adaptations
Gums: swollen, and friable
Ptyalism – excess saliva
Dental problems; gingivitis
Decreased peristalsis and smooth muscle relaxation - heartburn
Constipation + increased venous pressure + pressure from uterus = hemorrhoids
Nausea and vomiting
CVS adaptations
Increase in blood volume (40-50% above prepregnant levels)
Increase in cardiac output; increased venous return; increased heart rate
Increase in number of RBCs; plasma volume > RBC leading to hemodilution (physiologic anemia)
Increase in iron demands, fibrin & plasma fibrinogen levels, and some clotting factors, leading to hypercoagulable state
T/F there is an increase in oxygen consumption during pregnancy
T
RENAL/URINARY SYSTEM ADPATATIONS
dilation of pelvis, increase in length nd weight of kidneys, increase in GFR, increased urine flow and volume, increase in kidney activity
there is a __ in hair growth and __ in nail growth during pregnancy
decrease, increase
what happens to the thyroid gland during pregnancy
slight enlargement, increased activity
what happens to the pituitary gland in pregnancy
enlargement, decrease in TSH, inhibition of FSH and LH, increase in prolactin, and gradual increase in oxytocin
what happens to the pancreas in pregnancy
insulin resistance due to hPL and other hormones in the second half of pregnancy
what are dietary recommendations for those whoa re pregnant
increase protein, folate, iron, and calories by 300kcal. no raw fish, meat, or alcohol.
what is a healthy maternal weight gain for those with healthy BMI
25-35 ponds through out and 3.5-5 within the first trimester with an additional 1lb every week thereafter
