Week 1- eukaryotes vs prokaryotes

Question 1

what are prokaryotes

Answer 1

Prokaryotes are cells without a distinct nucleus, bacterial and archaea

Question 2

what are eukaryotes

Answer 2

Eukaryotes have a membrane enclosed nucleus, animal and plant cells

Question 3

what are the 3 major divisons of the world

Answer 3

a. Bacteria
b. Archaea
Eukaryotes

Question 4

what are actin filaments

Answer 4

part of the cell cytoskeleton (like microtubules). Actin filaments provide shape to cells and are required for cell locomotion or movement.

Question 5

what are peroxisome

Answer 5

are small-membrane bounded organelles that use molecular oxygen to oxidise organic molecules

Question 6

what is the golgi apparatus

Answer 6

onsists of stacks of membrane bound tubules that proteins and lipids pass through to undergo post-translational modifications and packaging into vesicles for their ultimate destination.

Question 7

what are intermediate filaments

Answer 7

Intermediate filaments are another part of the cytoskeleton, they are shown here as the thin green lines. They provide mechanical strength to cells.

Question 8

what is the plasma membrane

Answer 8

This is a bilayered phospholipid membrane that essentially holds the cell together

Question 9

what is the nucleolus

Answer 9

The nucleolus, within the nucleus, is the the site of ribosomal RNA or rRNA transcription and assembly of ribosomal subunits into ribosomes. These are then transported out of the nucleus into the cytosol via nuclear pores.

Question 10

what is the nucleus

Answer 10

containing the cells’ genome, surrounded by the nuclear envelope studded with nuclear pores.

Question 11

what is the ER

Answer 11

is the site of much of the protein production within the cell. Rough ER is studded with ribosomes, on which RNA is translated into protein. During or after translation, proteins are translocated into the ER lumen. The ER also produces most cellular lipids and stores calcium ions.

Question 12

what is the mitocondria

Answer 12

site of cellular respiration

Question 13

what are lysosomes

Answer 13

Lysosomes are membrane-bound organelles that contain acid hydrolases, which are enzymes that basically break down unwanted macromolecules.

Question 14

what is the nuclear membrane

Answer 14

is a double-layered plasma membrane.

Question 15

what is the nuclear pore

Answer 15

nuclear pores that allow movement of large molecules in and out of the nucleus.

Question 16

what is a centrosome

Answer 16

• This is the centrosome, with a pair of centrioles. The centrosome is a microtubule organising centre. When a cell divides, each centriole is duplicated and these duplicated centrosomes move to opposite sides of the cell forming the mitotic spindle which ultimately pulls the two daughter cells apart.

Question 17

what are vesicles

Answer 17

Cells contain numerous membrane-bound vesicles.

Question 18

what is chromatin (DNA)

Answer 18

DNA is packaged within the nucleus as chromatin.

Question 19

what is a microtubule

Answer 19

Microtubules serve as ‘tracks’ for vesicles to be trafficked along, and form the mitotic spindle that is involved in cell division.

Question 20

what are the 4 differences between prokaryotes and eukarytoes

Answer 20

DNA
organelles
reproduction
size