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Clinical Pathology > Week 1 - Erythrocyte Morphology > Flashcards

Week 1 - Erythrocyte Morphology Flashcards

1
Q

What blood values are used to detect anemias or erythrocytosis?

A

HCT or PCV

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2
Q

Anemia classification is based on what factors?

A
  1. MCV measures the VOLUME of RBC
    * Normocytic
    * microcytic (little RBCs)
    * macrocytic (large RBC)
  2. MCH & MCHC measures the Hgb in RBCs
    * Normochromic
    * Hypochromic (little Hbg)
    * Hyperchromic (too much Hgb)
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3
Q

What are the main functions of erythrograms? Explain.

A
  1. counts mature RBC
    * By counting RBC mass in whole blood: HCT, PCV*
    * RBC count
    * Hgb concentration
  2. counts reticulocytes
    * % and absRC to assess for a regeneration by the bone
    marrow in response to the anemia; reticulocytes are immature RBC. When there are a large number of reticulocytes, machine calculates how many in sample to determine condition.

HCT and PCV: These have a Difference only ~3%. Should be ~3x Hgb concentration

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4
Q

Case 1

A

Macrocytic normochromic
AbsRC =

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5
Q

Case 2

A

elevated HCT = errythrociosis (more RBC than normally in blood).

errythrocytocis = dehydation, breed related (sighthound, HCT ~ mid-60s % is normal), greyhounds, whippet saluki

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6
Q

Case 2 Cont

A
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7
Q

Case 3

A

HYPERPROTEINEMIA

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8
Q

What values on bloodwork do we use to evaluate anemia?

A
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9
Q

How can you accurately determine RBC morphology?

A

A stained blood film made from blood collected
into an EDTA tube for a CBC is the only way to
accurately determine RBC morphology
* Hematology analyzer can NOT provide this info

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10
Q

What does analyzing RBC morphology allow you to do?

A
  • Allows you to confirm that CBC data
    generated by your analyzer is accurate
  • May help determine the cause of certain
    diseases
  • Helps identify infectious organisms
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11
Q

Zones of a blood smear
image (unable to add at time)

A
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12
Q
A

Canine erythrocyte image

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13
Q

What species does this belong to? What type of cells do you see below?

A

Feline, erythrocyte

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14
Q

What are the differences between canine and feline erythrocytes?

A

clumping is called Rouleaux

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15
Q

What type of cell is pictured below? What species does it belong to?

A

Bovine erythrocyte image

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16
Q

What type of cell is pictured below? What species does it belong to?

A

Equine erythrocyte image

Rouleaux effect is more common in the horse. If you see no rouleaux, examine that horse!!

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17
Q

What are the differences between bovine and equine erythrocytes?

A
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18
Q

What type of cell is pictured below? What species does it belong to?

A

Camelid, reticulocyte

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19
Q

What type of cell is pictured below? What species does it belong to?

A

Avian, reptile, amphibians

large, nucleated, elliptical RBCs.

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20
Q

What process is occurring in the image below? Define this process.

A

Anisocytosis: Difference in cell size

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21
Q

What are macrocytes? Where/in what situations are they normally found? What value is affected when macrocytes are present?

A

Big RBCs
* In presence of polychromasia
* in animals with regenerative anemia
* increase MCV if SIGNIFICANT circulating macrocytes

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22
Q

In what situations can normochromic macrocytes be found? In what situations are they less commonly found?

A
  1. Horses regenerative anemia
  2. Less common in
    - FeLV
    - Less common in inherited disorders
    * Mini & Toy Poodles, Poll Hereford cattle
    - Less common in deficiencies: Vit B12
    * Giant schnauzer
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23
Q

What type of cell is pictured below? What species does it belong to?

A

Macrocyte image
Camelid

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24
Q
  1. What are microcytes?
  2. What values are affected on CBC?
  3. What is this typically associated with?
  4. Where/in what situations are they normally found?
  5. Is this easily seen in blood smears?
A
  1. Small RBCs
  2. On CBC is significant #s of cells –> decreased MCV
  3. probably associated with Iron deficiency; Usually with concomitantly with low MCHC (hypochromasia), Vit B6 (Pyridoxine) deficiency, Portosystemic shunt
  4. Normal in healthy: Shiba Inus, Akitas
    * ~Young animals sometimes have. Is normal up to x weeks.
  5. Difficult to see in blood smears
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25
Q

Color differences in RBCs indicate what?

A

Color differences may indicate changes in RBCs Hgb content

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26
Q
  1. Define polychromasia.
  2. What does this reflect the presence of?
  3. In what situations does polychromasia occur?
  4. What CBC values are effected?
A

“many colors”
§ Reflects presence of both mature RBCs and reticulocytes
§ Regenerative anemia
§ On CBC, may see decreased MCHC and/or MCH

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27
Q
  1. Define hypochromasia.
  2. What is this usually indicative of?
  3. What values are affected on CBC?
A
  1. Less hemoglobin than normal
  2. Iron deficiency, Lead Toxicity (blocks Hgb Synthesis)
  3. On CBC: decreased MCHC and/or MCH
28
Q

Hyperchromasia is _____ appreciated on a blood film. Occurs when there is an increased _____ and/or _____ this is ________.

A

not, MCHC, MCH, artifactual

29
Q

What condition is pictured below?

A

polychromasia

30
Q

What condition is pictured below? Explain the difference in color.

A

hypochromasia. No iron which is why they look pale.

31
Q

Define poikilocytosis. What species normally exhibit this condition?

A

Differences in erythrocyte shape = poikilocytosis
* normal finding in healthy goats, young cattle, pigs any age

32
Q

What are the causes of poikilocytosis?

A

Causes:
* A-Oxidative damage
* B-Fragmentary injury of RBCs
* Diseases, deficiencies
* Artifact, envenomation, arthropods bites

33
Q

What are Heinz bodies?

A

Heinz bodies are denatured, precipitated
Hgb caused by oxidative changes.

34
Q

How can you view heinz bodies in a blood sample?

A

Heinz bodies are readily visualized if the
blood is incubated for several minutes in
equal volume with New Methylene Blue.

35
Q

What happens if cats have a low number of heinz bodies?

A

They can live a perfectly healthy life!

36
Q

List some specific causes of oxidative damage that can cause erythrocyte shape changes?

A

Specific causes of oxidative damage:
* Acetaminophen (cats)
* Onion & garlic
* Brassica in ruminants
* Copper poisoning (sheep )
* Zinc
* Red maple leaf, Pistacia (horses)

37
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Heinz body

38
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Eccentrocytes

39
Q

What is pictured below?

A

heinz body

40
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Eccentrocytes

41
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Heinz bodies

42
Q

Keratocytes/pre-keratocytes image

A

caused by fragmentary injury

43
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Schistocytes

44
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Acanthocytes

45
Q

List some specific causes of fragmentation injury that can cause erythrocyte shape changes?

A
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulopathy (DIC)
  • Hemangiosarcoma
  • Cardiac disease
  • Diseases that cause turbulent blood flow
46
Q

What process is depicted below?

A

Schistocytes
Caused by fragmentary injury

47
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Schistocytes

48
Q

Schistocytes result from? Can be seen in?

A
  • result from shearing by Intravascular Fibrin or
    TURBULENT blood flow inside vasculature.
  • Seen in
  • Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC)
  • Hemangiosarcoma
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Myelofibrosis, Vasculitis
49
Q

What process is pictured below?

A

Acanthocytes image

caused by fragmentary injury

50
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Acantocytes

51
Q

Acanthocytes result from? Associated with?

A
  • Spiculated RBC result from LIPID alteration of RBC’s
    membrane
  • Associated with
  • Hemangiosarcoma
  • Glomerulonephritis
  • Liver disease
  • Lymphoma
52
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Keratocytes

53
Q

What are Keratocytes?
What happens if they rupture?
Seen in what situations?

A
  1. They are blister-like vesicles
  2. If they rupture –> leaving a “bite-shaped” defect in the cell outline or one or two horn-like projections on the same side of the cell.
  3. Seen in DIC together with Schistocytes
54
Q
  1. What is an alternative name for Codocytes?
  2. Codocytes are seen in what clinical situations?
A
  1. Codocytes (“target cells” or Leptocytes)
  2. Liver disease, Portosystemic Shunt, Lipid disorders, Iron deficiency anemia
55
Q

What is pictured below?

A

Codocyte image

56
Q

What are Echinocytes/crenation?

A
  • Most commonly an artifact [excess amount of EDTA
    relative to amount of blood (“short sample”)]
  • Snake envenomation (rattlesnake, coral snake, vipers)
  • form within 24 hours of the snakebite
  • This is a useful hematologic marker of this poisoning
57
Q

What process is seen below?

A

Echinocytes/crenation

58
Q

What patterns do you commonly see in cases of DIC?
HSA?
Glomerulonephritis?
Liver Disease?

A
59
Q

Describe the morphological structure of Mycoplasma spp.

A
  • Very small (0.1-0.5 um in size)
  • Circular, rod-shaped, or ring-shaped forms
  • species specific pathogen (felis, canis, etc).
60
Q
A

Mycoplasma felis
see some reituclocytes in this image.

61
Q
A

Mycoplasma suis

62
Q
A

Anaplasma marginale (Ruminant)
reticulocyte has a more bluish tint (left)

63
Q
A

Babesia canis & B. gibsoni
infects RBCS
produces mild disease, EV hemolytic anemia
Parasite lyses RBC to complete life cycle
induces a concurrent IMHA

64
Q
A

Babesia canis

65
Q
A

Babesia gibsoni

66
Q
A

Cytauxzoon felis
1-2 um
invased RBC and can be readily missed with low level of paracytemia (more likely in early infection).

67
Q
A

Dirofilaria immitis

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