Lecture 21 - Urinalysis Flashcards
WATCH THIS LECTURE WHILE STUDYING
What are you evaluating when performing a urinalysis?
–> Evaluating what the kidney is _______ provides insight into:
1. ______ Function
2. _______ Disease
3. ________ Disease
–> Evaluating what the kidney is excreting provides insight into:
1. Renal Function
2. Metabolic Disease
3. Systemic Disease
What are the indications for a urinalysis?
–> Indications:
1. Health screening
2. Pre-anesthetic assessment
3. Key element to the minimum database
Performing a Urinalysis:
1. Cost?
2. ________ performed in-house
3. Requires _______ specialized equipment
Performing a Urinalysis:
1. Cost? Inexpensive
2. Easily performed in-house
3. Requires minimal specialized equipment
What is important about your urinalysis technique?
–> ________ of sample collection
- Early ________ → more concentrated
- Post- _______ → more alkaline
- After fluid or diuretic therapy → more ______
–> There are 3 options for collection:
1. _______ sample or “free ______”
2. Urinary _______
3. ___________
(1–>3 is least to most expensive)
–> Timing of sample collection
- Early morning → more concentrated
- Post- prandial → more alkaline
- After fluid or diuretic therapy → more dilute
–> There are 3 options for collection:
1. Voided sample or “free catch”
2. Urinary catheterization
3. Cystocentesis
(1–>3 is least to most expensive)
What is a voided sample?
- _________ sample
* Catch ______-stream flow
* __________ acceptable for urinalysis
* Not suitable for _______
- __________ contamination!
- Voided sample
* Catch mid-stream flow
* Generally acceptable for urinalysis
* Not suitable for culture
- Bacterial contamination!
- Urethral Catheterization
* Acceptable for ________ and ______
- May have _____ or ________ cell contamination
* _________ invasive
* Technically difficult, especially in ________
Performed under ______ techniques
Risk introducing _______ into the bladder
- Urethral Catheterization
* Acceptable for urinalysis and culture
- May have blood or epithelial cell contamination
* Moderately invasive
* Technically difficult, especially in females
Performed under sterile techniques
Risk introducing bacteria into the bladder
- Cystocentesis
- Pass a needle _______ into the bladder- Often _______-guided
- ______ technique
- Acceptable for ________ - ________ contamination
Ideal for urine _________
- Cystocentesis
- Pass a needle directly into the bladder- Often ultrasound-guided
- Sterile technique
- Acceptable for urinalysis - Blood contamination
Ideal for urine culture
How are you supposed to handle a urine sample?
- Ideally analyze within ____ ________
- Low USG can lead to _________ _____
- May have urine crystals ______ or _________ - If longer time for analysis, refrigerate
- Up to ____ _______
- _______, _________, __________ container
- _______ to _______ temperature prior to analysis
- Be sure to gently _________ the sediment
- Ideally analyze within 30 minutes
- Low USG can lead to cellular lysis
- May have urine crystals dissolve or develop - If longer time for analysis, refrigerate
- Up to 12 hours
- Sterile, opaque, airtight container
- Warm to room temperature prior to analysis
- Be sure to gently re-suspend the sediment
List the steps of a complete UA
- Gross inspection
- USG
- Chemical evaluation
List the probable causes for the following urine colors:
See below
List the levels of clarity of urine
What is cloudiness caused by?
See below
What does the USG evaluate?
Evaluates for dissolved molecules… “solutes”
What is important to remember in regards to the USG?
Remember:
Measure urine samples only at ______-temperature
- Cold fluids are more _____, falsely ______ USG
Remember: Significant INCREASES in (4?) in the urine can INCREASE the USG
–> Hypersthenuria (concentrated urine):
A. Dogs = ?
B. Cats = ?
C. Horses/ruminants/porcine = ?
–> Isosthenuric: USG = ?
- Kidney is not adjusting urine concentration (non _________ nor _______)
–> Range of minimal concentration (ROMC):
A. Dogs = ?
B. Cats = ?
C. Horses/ruminants/porcine = ?
–> Oliguric: ____ urine output
–> Azotemic: Increased ___ and/or ______
Remember:
Measure on room-temperature urine only
Cold fluids are more dense, falsely increases USG
Remember: Significant INCREASES in glucose, protein, sodium and/or urea in the urine can INCREASE the USG
Answer: 1.033 hypersthenuria (concentrated urine) in dogs, remember above 1.030, cats above 1.035, horses/ruminants/porcine above 1.025
Remember, 1)Isosthenuric: USG 1.008-1.012: Kidney is not adjusting urine
concentration (non concentrating nor diluting)
2) Range of minimal concentration (ROMC) : 1.013-1.030 Dog; 1.013-1.034
Cat; 1.013-1.024 Equine, Ruminants, Porcine
3)Oliguric: no urine output 4)azotemic: Increased BUN and/or Creatinine
Evaluate the image below
D
What type of measurement is the Dipstick test?
Semi-quantitative measurement
What scale is used for the Dipstick test?
Scale: neg → trace → 1+ → 2+ → 3+ → 4+
What does the dipstick measure? What does it not measure?
Measures:
Glucose, Bilirubin, Ketones, Heme, pH, Protein
Ignore: Leukocytes, USG, Nitrite, Urobilinogen
What is important about the dipstick test?
timing!
How are the Chemical constituents of urine measured?
Most often measured with a urine dipstick
A Urine dipstick is Semiquantitative: most analytes graded on
negative to 4+ scale
What dipstick tests are used in veterinary medicine?
- Dipstick tests we use in veterinary medicine:
– Glucose
– Bilirubin
– Ketones
– Blood
– pH
– Protein
What dipstick tests do we NOT use in veterinary medicine?
– USG
– Leukocytes
– Nitrite
– Urobilinogen
– Ascorbic acid
Glucose:
_______ molecule
__________ filtered by the glomerulus
Usually completely reabsorbed in ______ tubules
Glucose:
Small molecule
Freely filtered by the glomerulus
Usually completely reabsorbed in proximal tubules