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Spring 2015: Clinical Conditions 2 > Week 1: Diabetes > Flashcards

Week 1: Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

What is diabetes mellitus?

A

Metabolic condition that causes the inability to make or use insulin

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2
Q

What does insulin do?

A

transports glucose to body cells for growth/energy

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3
Q

Where is the hormone insulin produced?

A

pancreas

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4
Q

Type of DM where the pancreas is not working properly, or insulin is not used properly

A

Type 2 NIDDM

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5
Q

Type of DM causing diabetic ketoacidosis

A

Type 1 IDDM

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6
Q

Types of DM that is chronic state of hyperglycemia

A
  • Type 2 NIDDM

- gestational diabetes

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7
Q

Condition when body breaks down fats and proteins for energy leading to buildup of ketones

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

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8
Q

T/F

Gestational diabetes resolves after giving birth

A

True

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9
Q

T/F

DM can be seen with Down syndrome, klinefelters, turner’s syndrome

A

True

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10
Q

What is the leading cause of kidney failure in African Americans and American Indians?

A

Diabetes (from pdf posted)

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11
Q

90-95 % of diabetes cases are what type?

A

Type 2

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12
Q

List the 5 classifications of DM

A
  1. Type 1
  2. Type 2
  3. Gestational diabetes
  4. Other causes ( dmg pancreas, genetic conditions)
  5. Pre diabetes
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13
Q

Prediabetes occurs when someone has (2 things)

A

impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)

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14
Q

Etiology of Type 1

A

autoimmune response where antibodies destroy beta cells (pancreatic insulin producing cells)

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15
Q

T/F

Type 1 is not genetically linked.

A

False

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16
Q

List 3 environmental factors that can trigger type 1.

A
  • viral infections
  • infant diet
  • exposure to toxins
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17
Q

T/F

Type 2 has stronger genetic predisposition than type 1.

A

True

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18
Q

5 factors that increase chance of type 2

A 
aging
lack of physical activity
chronic stress
obesity
ethinicity
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19
Q

T/F

Men have a higher rate of type 2 than women.

A

True

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20
Q

T/F

Women have a higher rate of type 1 than men.

A

False

Men = women for type 1

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21
Q

T/F

Caucasians have highest rate of type 1

A

True

22
Q

polydipsia

A

increased thirst

23
Q

List 7 symptoms of DM

A 
polydipsia
polyuria
polydysphagia
blurred vision
weakness
fatigue
dizziness
24
Q

Are these symptoms of type 1 or type 2?

  • unusual weight loss
  • Frequent skin, gum or bladder infections; cuts or bruises slow to heal;
  • Numbness/tingling in the hands or feet
  • Nephropathy & retinopathy , neuropathy
A

type 2

25
Q

Are these symptoms of type 1 or type 2?

  • Keonuria
  • Weight loss,
  • muscle cramps,
  • irritability,
  • emotional lability (fluctuating moods),
  • headaches, anxiety
A

type 1

26
Q

causes fruity odor breath, nausea, confusion, dry flushed skin, difficulty breathing

A

Keonuria

27
Q

what is normal fasting blood glucose level?

A

< 100mg/dL

28
Q

what fasting blood glucose level diagnosis diabetes?

What is the random blood glucose level?

A 
fasting = > 126mg/dL
random = > 200 mg/dL
29
Q

Average concentration of glucose in the blood over a 6 week to 3 month time period?
What level means hyperglycemia?

A

Hemoglobin A1C level > 6.5%

30
Q

fatigue, drowsiness, seizure, shallow breathing are symptoms of?

A

hypoglycemia

31
Q

These symptoms mean?
thirst, heartburn, fast breathing, excessive urination, headache, blurred vision, abdominal pain, constipation, can lead to coma

A

hyperglycemia

32
Q

T/F

Type 2 can have temporary remission 3-6 mo. after diagnosis

A

False

Type 1 does

33
Q

BP for hypertension

A

140/90

34
Q

common cause of HTN in type 2

A

obesity

35
Q

common cause of HTN in type 1

A

diabetic nephropathy

36
Q

List 4 macrovascular complications of DM

A

HTN
cardiovascular disease
CVA
peripheral artery disease

37
Q

Causes impaired wound healing & tissue hypoxia

A

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

38
Q

List 2 microvascular complications of DM

A

diabetic retinopathy

diabetic nephropathy

39
Q

affects multiple systems in the body and can occur w/in 1 year of type 2 DM diagnosis

A

diabetic autonomic neuropathy

40
Q

leading cause of blindness in ages 18-75

A

diabetic retinopathy

41
Q

most common complication w/DM pt

A

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

42
Q
  • affects GI system, sexual dysfunction (ED), genitourinary system.
  • can lead to CHF, silent MI
  • symptoms = exercise intolerance, resting tachycardia, orthostasis
A

diabetic autonomic neuropathy

43
Q

pain in thighs and hips followed by weakness of LE proximal muscles; seen in elderly w/DM

A

Proximal Motor Neuropathy

44
Q

Leading cause of end stage renal disease

A

diabetic nephropathy

45
Q

Pain, tingling, burning, skin sensitivity LE>UE

are signs of?

A

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

46
Q

Why does DM affect kidneys?

A

high blood sugar breaks down the filters causing substances like proteins to be excreted that should not be called microalbuminuria

47
Q

What 4 things lead to diabetic foot complications?

A
  1. Ulcers from repetitive stress
  2. Autonomic neuropathy- dry cracked skim prone to ulceration and infection
  3. Sensory polyneuropathy- can’t feel the wounds or breakdown
  4. PAD- decreased circulation of blood
48
Q

T/F

Type 1 can be cured.

A

False

49
Q

What is metformin?

A

drug that decreases liver output of glucose for type 2 DM

50
Q

T/F

Almost everyone withtype 1 diabetes& most with type 2 will eventually have nonproliferative retinopathy.

A

True

51
Q

T/F

People with DM are more likely to have cataracts and glaucoma.

A

True

Spring 2015: Clinical Conditions 2 (4 decks)

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