Week 1: Diabetes

Question 1

What is diabetes mellitus?

Answer 1

Metabolic condition that causes the inability to make or use insulin

Question 2

What does insulin do?

Answer 2

transports glucose to body cells for growth/energy

Question 3

Where is the hormone insulin produced?

Answer 3

pancreas

Question 4

Type of DM where the pancreas is not working properly, or insulin is not used properly

Answer 4

Type 2 NIDDM

Question 5

Type of DM causing diabetic ketoacidosis

Answer 5

Type 1 IDDM

Question 6

Types of DM that is chronic state of hyperglycemia

Answer 6

• Type 2 NIDDM

- gestational diabetes

Question 7

Condition when body breaks down fats and proteins for energy leading to buildup of ketones

Answer 7

diabetic ketoacidosis

Question 8

T/F

Gestational diabetes resolves after giving birth

Answer 8

True

Question 9

T/F

DM can be seen with Down syndrome, klinefelters, turner’s syndrome

Answer 9

True

Question 10

What is the leading cause of kidney failure in African Americans and American Indians?

Answer 10

Diabetes (from pdf posted)

Question 11

90-95 % of diabetes cases are what type?

Answer 11

Type 2

Question 12

List the 5 classifications of DM

Answer 12

1. Type 1
2. Type 2
3. Gestational diabetes
4. Other causes ( dmg pancreas, genetic conditions)
5. Pre diabetes

Question 13

Prediabetes occurs when someone has (2 things)

Answer 13

impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) or impaired fasting glucose (IFG)

Question 14

Etiology of Type 1

Answer 14

autoimmune response where antibodies destroy beta cells (pancreatic insulin producing cells)

Question 15

T/F

Type 1 is not genetically linked.

Answer 15

False

Question 16

List 3 environmental factors that can trigger type 1.

Answer 16

• viral infections
• infant diet
• exposure to toxins

Question 17

T/F

Type 2 has stronger genetic predisposition than type 1.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

5 factors that increase chance of type 2

Answer 18

aging
lack of physical activity
chronic stress
obesity
ethinicity

Question 19

T/F

Men have a higher rate of type 2 than women.

Answer 19

True

Question 20

T/F

Women have a higher rate of type 1 than men.

Answer 20

False

Men = women for type 1

Question 21

T/F

Caucasians have highest rate of type 1

Answer 21

True

Question 22

polydipsia

Answer 22

increased thirst

Question 23

List 7 symptoms of DM

Answer 23

polydipsia
polyuria
polydysphagia
blurred vision
weakness
fatigue
dizziness

Question 24

Are these symptoms of type 1 or type 2?

• unusual weight loss
• Frequent skin, gum or bladder infections; cuts or bruises slow to heal;
• Numbness/tingling in the hands or feet
• Nephropathy & retinopathy , neuropathy

Answer 24

type 2

Question 25

Are these symptoms of type 1 or type 2? - Keonuria - Weight loss, - muscle cramps, - irritability, - emotional lability (fluctuating moods), - headaches, anxiety

Answer 25

type 1

Question 26

causes fruity odor breath, nausea, confusion, dry flushed skin, difficulty breathing

Answer 26

Keonuria

Question 27

what is normal fasting blood glucose level?

Answer 27

< 100mg/dL

Question 28

what fasting blood glucose level diagnosis diabetes? | What is the random blood glucose level?

Answer 28

``` fasting = > 126mg/dL random = > 200 mg/dL ```

Question 29

Average concentration of glucose in the blood over a 6 week to 3 month time period? What level means hyperglycemia?

Answer 29

Hemoglobin A1C level > 6.5%

Question 30

fatigue, drowsiness, seizure, shallow breathing are symptoms of?

Answer 30

hypoglycemia

Question 31

These symptoms mean? thirst, heartburn, fast breathing, excessive urination, headache, blurred vision, abdominal pain, constipation, can lead to coma

Answer 31

hyperglycemia

Question 32

T/F | Type 2 can have temporary remission 3-6 mo. after diagnosis

Answer 32

False | Type 1 does

Question 33

BP for hypertension

Answer 33

140/90

Question 34

common cause of HTN in type 2

Answer 34

obesity

Question 35

common cause of HTN in type 1

Answer 35

diabetic nephropathy

Question 36

List 4 macrovascular complications of DM

Answer 36

HTN cardiovascular disease CVA peripheral artery disease

Question 37

Causes impaired wound healing & tissue hypoxia

Answer 37

peripheral artery disease (PAD)

Question 38

List 2 microvascular complications of DM

Answer 38

diabetic retinopathy | diabetic nephropathy

Question 39

affects multiple systems in the body and can occur w/in 1 year of type 2 DM diagnosis

Answer 39

diabetic autonomic neuropathy

Question 40

leading cause of blindness in ages 18-75

Answer 40

diabetic retinopathy

Question 41

most common complication w/DM pt

Answer 41

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Question 42

- affects GI system, sexual dysfunction (ED), genitourinary system. - can lead to CHF, silent MI - symptoms = exercise intolerance, resting tachycardia, orthostasis

Answer 42

diabetic autonomic neuropathy

Question 43

pain in thighs and hips followed by weakness of LE proximal muscles; seen in elderly w/DM

Answer 43

Proximal Motor Neuropathy

Question 44

Leading cause of end stage renal disease

Answer 44

diabetic nephropathy

Question 45

Pain, tingling, burning, skin sensitivity LE>UE | are signs of?

Answer 45

diabetic peripheral neuropathy

Question 46

Why does DM affect kidneys?

Answer 46

high blood sugar breaks down the filters causing substances like proteins to be excreted that should not be called microalbuminuria

Question 47

What 4 things lead to diabetic foot complications?

Answer 47

1. Ulcers from repetitive stress 2. Autonomic neuropathy- dry cracked skim prone to ulceration and infection 3. Sensory polyneuropathy- can’t feel the wounds or breakdown 4. PAD- decreased circulation of blood

Question 48

T/F | Type 1 can be cured.

Answer 48

False

Question 49

What is metformin?

Answer 49

drug that decreases liver output of glucose for type 2 DM

Question 50

T/F | Almost everyone with type 1 diabetes & most with type 2 will eventually have nonproliferative retinopathy.

Answer 50

True

Question 51

T/F | People with DM are more likely to have cataracts and glaucoma.

Answer 51

True