Week 1: Define A&P and Levels of structural organisation/organ system in the body Flashcards
What is anatomy?
The science of body structure. The study of the size, shape, position etc. of body parts and the relationship between the different parts.
What is physiology?
The science of body funtions and processes. The study of how the cells, tissues, organs and organ systems of the body work.
What is homeostasis?
Homeostasis is the relative stability of the body’s internal environment. It is maintained by feedback systems that react to disruptions in the stability by triggering corrective cycles to restore the conditions needed for stability.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Embryology?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of the first eight weeks of human egg development after fertilisation.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Developmental biology?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of the complete development of an individual from fertilisation to death.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Cell biology?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of cellular structure and function.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Histology?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of microscopic structure and function.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Gross anatomy?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of structures that can be examined without a microscope.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Systematic anatomy?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of structure of specific systems of the body.
E.g. the nervous or respiratory systems.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Regional anatomy?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of specific regions of the body.
e.g. the head or the chest.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Surface anatomy?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of surface markings on the body to understand internal anatomy through visualisation and palpation.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is imaging anatomy?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of body structures that can be visualised with techniques such as x-ray, MRI, CT.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is pathalogical anatomy?
The branch of anatomy that is the study of structural changes, ranging from microscopic to gross, associated with disease.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is Neurophysiology?
The branch of physiology that is the study of the functional properties of nerve cells.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is endocrinology?
The branch of physiology that is the study of hormones and how they control body functions.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is cardiovascular physiology?
The branch of physiology that is the study of functions of the heart and blood vessels.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is immunology?
The branch of physiology that is the study of the body’s defenses against disease-causing agents.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is respiratory physiology?
The branch of physiology that is the study of the functions of the air passageways and lungs.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is renal physiology?
The branch of physiology that is the study of the functions of the kidneys.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is exercise physiology?
The branch of physiology that is the study of changes in cell and organ functions due to muscular activity.
What branch of anatomy or physiology is pathophysiology?
The branch of physiology that is the study of functional changes associated with disease and ageing.
What is the order of levels of organisation in the body from smallest to largest?
- Chemical
- Cellular
- Tissue
- Organ
- System
- Organism
What structures are at the chemical level of body system organisation?
- Atoms - the smallest units of matter.
- Molecules - 2 or more atoms joined together, such as DNA or glucose.
Define the cellular level of body system organisation?
Cells are made up of combined molecules. Cells are the basic structural and functional units of an organism.
Define the tissue level of body system organisation, and list the basic types of tissue in the body.
Tissues are groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function.
The four basic types of tissues are:
* Epithelial tissue
* Connective tissue
* Muscular tissue
* Nervous tissue
What is Epithelial tissue?
Tissue that covers all external and internal body surfaces, lines hollow organs and cavities, and forms glands.
What is connective tissue?
Tissue that supports, connects, and protects body organs while distributing blood vessels to other tissues.
What is muscular tissue?
Tissue that contracts to make body parts move and generates heat.
What is nervous tissue?
Tissue that carries information from one part of the body to the other through nerve impulses.
Define the organ level of body system organisation
Organs are composed of two or more different types of tissues; they have specific functions and usually have recognisable shapes.
Define the system level of body system organisation
A system consists of related organs with a common function. Organs combine to make up systems, but can be part of more than one system.
Define the organismal level of body system organisation
Any living individual being. All the parts of the body functioning together constitute the total organism.
What are the components and functions of the integumentary system?
Components:
* Skin
* Glands:
* Sudoriferous (sweat) glands
* Sebaceous (oil) glands
* Ceruminous (earwax) glands
* Mammary (milk) glands
- Hair
- Fingernails/toenails
Functions:
* Protects the body
* Helps regulate body temperature
* Eliminates some wastes
* Helps make vitamin D
* Detects sensations such as touch, heat, pain
* Stores fat
* Provides insulation
What are the components and functions of the skeletal system?
Components:
* Bones, joints and associated cartilages
Functions:
* Supports the body
* Provides surface area for muscle attachments
* Aids in body movement
* Houses cells that produce blood cells
* Stores minerals and lipids
What are the components and functions of the muscular system?
Components:
* Skeletal muscle tissue
Functions:
* Participates in body movements
* Produces heat
* Maintains posture
What are the components and functions of the nervous system?
Components:
* Central Nervous System:
* Brain
* Spinal cord
* Peripheral Nervous System:
* Nerves attached to spinal cord
* Special sense organs:
* Ears, eyes, tongue, olfactory nerves
Functions:
* Generates action potentials to regulate body activities
* Detects changes in body’s internal and external environments
* Interprets changes in the body and responds by causing muscular contractions or glandular secretions
What are the components and functions of the endocrine system?
Components:
* Hormone producing glands:
* Hypothalamus
* Pineal gland
* Pituitary gland
* Thyroid gland
* Parathyroid glands
* Adrenal glands
* Pancreas
* Testis or Ovaries
* Endocrine cells located throughout the body especially the GI tract
Functions:
* Regulates body activities by releasing hormones
Hormones are chemical messengers transported in blood that are secreted by endocrine glands or tissues.
What are the components and functions of the cardiovascular system?
Components:
* Heart
* Blood vessels
* Blood
Functions:
* Heart pumps blood through blood vessels
* Blood carries oxygen and nutrients to cells, and carbon dioxide and wastes away from cells
* Helps regulate acid-base balance, temperature and water content of body fluids
* Blood components help defend against disease and repair damaged blood vessels
What are the components and functions of the lymphatic system?
Components:
* Pharyngeal, palatine, lingual tonsils
* Thymus
* Thoracic duct
* Spleen
* Lymph nodes
* Lymphatic vessels
* Lymphatic fluid
* Red bone marrow
Functions:
* Returns proteins and fluid to blood
* Carries lipids from GI tract to blood
* Contains sites of maturation and proliferation
Sites of maturation are where cells grow to maturity.
B and T cells protect against disease causing microbes
What are the components and functions of the respiratory system?
Components:
* Nasal and oral cavity
* Pharynx (throat)
* Larynx (voice box)
* Trachea
* Bronchial tubes
* Lungs
Functions:
* Transfers oxygen from inhaled air to blood, and carbon dioxide from blood to exhaled air
* Help regulate acid-base balance of body fluids
* Produces sound from air flowing out of lungs through vocal cords
What are the components and functions of the digestive system?
Components:
* Mouth
* Pharynx (throat)
* Salivary glands
* Oesophagus
* Stomach
* Small and large intestines
* Rectum
* Anus
* Liver
* Gall bladder
* Pancreas
Functions:
* Achieves physical and chemical breakdown of food
* Absorbs nutrients
* Eliminates solid waste
What are the components and functions of the urinary system?
Components:
* Kidneys
* Ureters
* Urinary bladder
* Urethra
Functions:
* Produces, stores, and eliminates urine
* Eliminates wastes
* Regulates volume and composition of blood
* Helps maintain acid-base balance of body fluids
* Maintains body’s mineral balance
* Helps regulate production of red blood cells
What are the components and functions of the female reproductive system?
Components:
* Ovaries
* Uterine tubes
* Uterus
* Vagina
* Mammary glands
Functions:
* Mammary glands produce milk
* Ovaries produce gametes (oocytes) to be fertilised
* Uterus houses fertilised gamete which develop into foetus
* Ovaries release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
What are the components and functions of the male reproductive system?
Components:
* Testis
* Epididymis
* Vas deferens
* Seminal vesicle
* Prostate
* Penis
Functions:
* Testis produce gametes (sperm) which unite with female gamete to form a foetus
* Testis release hormones that regulate reproduction and other body processes
