Week 1 Deck - Chapter 1 and 2 Flashcards
Carcinoma
A basal cell carcinoma, the most common form of skin cancer. Usually occurs on sun-damaged skin.
White blood cells
Leukocyte
Red blood cells
Erythrocyte
Clotting cells
Thrombocytes or platelets
Ventral (anterior)
Cavities are in the front of the body
Epidural Hematoma
Caused by external trauma to the brain. Blood collects above the brain’s outermost (epi-) covering (dura)
Coronal (Frontal) Plane
Divides the body into front and back sections
Sagittal Plane
Divides the body into left and right sections
Median
Divides the body into equal left and right parts
Axial (Horizontal or Transverse) Plane
Divides the body into upper and lower segments
Axial (Horizontal or Transverse) Plane
Divides the body into upper and lower segments
PREFIX
attached to the beginning of the term
ROOT
the foundation of the word
SUFFIX
ending of the word
COMBINING VOWEL
vowel (usually o) that links the root to the suffix or the root to another root
HEMAT/O
Blood
GASTR /O
Stomach
CARDI /O
Heart
HYPO
Below
EPI
Above
-LOGY
Process of study
-ITIS
Inflammation
-GRAM
Record
cardi/o
heart
aden/o
glad
bi/o
life
cerebr/o
cerebrum, the largest part of the brain
cephal/p
head
arthr/o
joint
carcin/o
cancer, cancerous
cyst/o
urinary bladder
cyt/o
cell
derm/o or dermat/o
skin
encephal/o
brain
electr/o
electricity
-oma
tumor, mass swelling
-al
pertaining to
-itis
inflammation
-logy
process of study
-scopy
process of visual examination
-ic
pertaining to
-gram
record (image)
-opsy
process of viewing
erythr/o
red
enter/o
intestines (usually small intestine)
gastr/o
stomach
gnos/o
knowledge
hemat/o
blood
cis/o
to cut
nephr/o
kidney
leuk/o
white
iatr/o
treatment, physician
hepat/o
liver
neur/o
nerve
gynec/o
women, female
ren/o
kidney
path/o
disease
ophthalm/o
eye
to cut
sect/o
nose
rhin/o
flesh
sarc/o
mind
psych/o
urinary tract
ur/o
bone
oste/o
x-rays
radi/o
clotting
thromb/o
tumor
onc/o
-algia
pain
-ion
process
-emia
blood condition
-gram
record, image
-scope
instrument to visually examine
-osis
condition, usually abnormal
-ectomy
excision, removal (resection)
-genic
pertaining to producing, produced by, or produced in
-pathy
disease condition
-tomy
process of cutting, incision
-itis
inflammation
-cycle
cell
dia-
complete through
pro-
before
aut-, auto-
self, own
a-, an-
no, not, without
hyper-
excessive, above, more than normal
hypo-
deficient, below, less than normal
epi-
above, upon
endo-
within
retro-
behind
trans-
across, through
peri-
surrounding
ex-
out
exo-
out
sub-
below, under
re-
back
study of the urinary tract
urology
study of women and women’s diseases
gynecology
study of blood
hematology
study of tumors
oncology
study of kidneys
nephrology
study of nerves
neurology
treatment of children
pediatrics
study of x-rays in diagnostic imaging
radiology
study of the stomach and intestines
gastroenterology
study of glands that secrete hormones
endocrinology
treatment of the mind
psychiatry
study of disease
pathology
study of the heart
cardiology
study of the eyes
ophthalmology
aden/o
gland
arthr/o
joint
bio/o
life
carcin/o
cancerous; cancer
cardio/o
heart
cephal/o
head
cerebr/
cerebrum (the largest part of the brain)
cis/o
to cut
crin/o
secrete
cyst/o
urinary bladder; cyst; sac of fluid
cyt/o
cell
derm/o, dermat/o
skin
electr/o
electricity
encephal/o
brain
enter/o
intestines
erythr/o
red
gastr/o
stomach
glyc/o
glucose; sugar
gnos/o
knowledge
gynec/o
women, female
hem/o, hemat/o
blood
hepat/o
liver
iatr/o
physician, treatment
leuk/o
white
log/o
study
nephr/o
kidney
neur/o
nervous system
onc/o
tumor
ophthalm/o
eye
oste/o
bone
path/o
disease
ped/o
child, foot
psych/o
mind
radio/o
x-rays; radioactivity; radius (lateral
lower arm bone)
ren/o
kidney
rhin/o
nose
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
sect/o
to cut
thromb/o
clot
ur/o
urinary, urinary tract
-ac
pertaining to
-al
pertaining to
-algia
pain
-cyte
cell
-ectomy
inserting something
-emia
blood condition
-genic
produced by or in
-globin
protein
-gram
image, record
-ic, -ical
pertaining to
-ion
process
-ist
specialist
-itis
inflammation
-logy
study of something
-oma
tumor; mass; fluid collection
-opsy
view of
-osis
condition, usually abnormal
-pathy
disease; emotion
-scope
an instrument for visual examination
-scopy
visual examination
-sis
state of; condition
-tomy
process of cutting
-y
condition, process
a-, an-
no; not; without
aut-, auto-
self, own
dia-
complete; through
endo-
in; within
epi-
above; upon; on
ex-, exo-
out; away from
hyper-
above; excessive
hypo-
deficient; below; under; less than
normal
in-
in; into; not
peri-
surrounding
pro-
first
re-
back; again; backward
retro-
behind; back; backward
sub-
under; below
trans-
across; through
cell membrane
not only surrounds and protects the cell but also regulates what passes into and out of the cell
nucleus
The controls the operations of the cell. It directs cell division and determines the structure and function of the cell
Chromosomes
Rod-shaped structures in the nucleus that contain regions of DNA called genes. There
are 46 chromosomes (23 pairs) in every cell except for the egg and sperm cells, which
contain only 23 individual, unpaired chromosomes.
genes
Regions of DNA within each chromosome
DNA
Chemical found within each chromosome. Arranged like a sequence of recipes in code,
it directs the activities of the cell.
Karyotype
Is a photograph of an individual’s chromosomes, arranged by size, shape, and
number. Karyotyping can determine whether chromosomes are normal.
cytoplasm
All the material that is outside the nucleus and yet contained within the cell
membrane
metabolism
Total of the chemical processes in a cell. It includes catabolism and anabolism.
Meta- means change, bol means to cast, and -ism means a process
mitochondria
Structures in the cytoplasm that provide the principal source of energy (miniature
“power plants”) for the cell. Catabolism is the process that occurs in mitochondria.
(From the Greek mitos meaning thread, and chondrion meaning granule.)
anabolism
Process of building up large proteins from small protein pieces called amino acids.
Ana- means up, bol means to cast, and -ism is a process.
catabolism
Process whereby complex nutrients are broken down to simpler substances and energy is released. Cata- means down, bol means to cast, and -ism is a process.
Digestive
Mouth, pharynx (throat), esophagus, stomach, intestines (small and large), liver, gallbladder, pancreas.
Urinary or excretory
Kidneys, ureters (tubes from the kidneys to the urinary bladder), urinary bladder, urethra (tube from the bladder to the outside of the body).
Respiratory
Nose, pharynx, larynx (“voice box”), trachea (“windpipe”), bronchial tubes, lungs (where the exchange of gases takes place).
Reproductive
Female: Ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus (womb), vagina, mammary
glands.
Male: Testes and associated tubes, urethra, penis, prostate gland.
Endocrine
Thyroid gland (in the neck), pituitary gland (at the base of the brain), sex glands (ovaries and testes), adrenal glands, pancreas (islets of Langerhans), parathyroid glands
Nervous
Brain, spinal cord, nerves, and collections of nerves.
Circulatory
Heart, blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries), lymphatic vessels and nodes, spleen, thymus gland.
Musculoskeletal
Muscles, bones, and joints.
Skin and sense organs
Skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, and sebaceous (oil) glands; eye, ear, nose, and tongue.
adipose tissue
Collection of fat cells.
cartilage
Flexible connective tissue attached to bones at joints. For example, it surrounds the trachea and forms part of the external ear and nose
epithelial cells
Skin cells that cover the outside of the body and line the internal surfaces of organs.
histologist
Specialist in the study of tissues
larynx
“Voice box”; located at the upper part of the trachea.
pharynx
Throat. The pharynx serves as the common passageway for food (from the mouth going
to the esophagus) and air (from the nose to the trachea).
pituitary gland
Endocrine gland at the base of the brain.
thyroid gland
Endocrine gland that surrounds the trachea in the neck.
trachea
“Windpipe” (tube leading from the throat to the bronchial tubes).
ureter
One of two tubes, each leading from a single kidney to the urinary bladder. Spelling
clue: Ureter has two e’s, and there are two ureters
urethra
Tube from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body. Spelling clue: Urethra has one
e, and there is only one urethra.
uterus
The womb. The organ that holds the embryo/fetus as it develops
viscera
Internal organs.
Cranial
Brain, pituitary gland
Thoracic
Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland, aorta (large artery).
Pleural cavity
space between the folds of the pleura
surrounding each lung. The pleura is a double-folded membrane that surrounds the lungs and protects them. If the
pleura is inflamed (as in pleuritis, also called pleurisy), the pleural cavity may fill with fluid.
Mediastinum
centrally located space outside of and between the lungs. It contains the heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, thymus gland, bronchial tubes, and many lymph nodes.
Abdominal
The peritoneum is the double-folded membrane surrounding the
abdominal cavity. The kidneys are two bean-shaped organs situated behind (retroperitoneal area) the abdominal
cavity on either side of the backbone.
Also contains the stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. The diaphragm (a muscular wall)
divides the abdominal and thoracic cavities.
Pelvic
Portions of the small and large intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, urethra, and ureters; uterus and vagina in the female.
Spinal
Nerves of the spinal cord
abdominal cavity
Space below the chest containing organs such as the liver, stomach, gallbladder, and
intestines; also called the abdomen.
cranial cavity
Space in the head containing the brain and surrounded by the skull. Cranial means
pertaining to the skull.
diaphragm
Muscle separating the abdominal and thoracic cavities. The diaphragm moves up and
down and aids in breathing.
dorsal (posterior)
Pertaining to the back.
mediastinum
Centrally located space outside of and between the lungs
pelvic cavity
Space below the abdomen containing portions of the intestines, rectum, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs. Pelvic means pertaining to the pelvis, composed of the hip bones surrounding the pelvic cavity.
peritoneum
Double-folded membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity.
pleura
Double-folded membrane surrounding each lung. Pleural means pertaining to
the pleura.
pleural cavity
Space between the pleural layers.
spinal cavity
Space within the spinal column (backbones) containing the spinal cord. Also called the
spinal canal.
thoracic cavity
Space in the chest containing the heart, lungs, bronchial tubes, trachea, esophagus,
and other organs.
ventral (anterior)
Pertaining to the front.
hypochondriac
Right and left upper regions beneath the ribs.
epigastric
Middle upper region above the stomach.
lumbar
Right and left middle regions near the waist.
umbilica
Central region near the navel.
inguinal
Right and left lower regions near the groin. Also called iliac regions.
hypogastric
Middle lower region below the umbilical region.
RUQ
Right upper quadrant.
LUQ
Left upper quadrant.
RLQ
Right lower quadrant.
LLQ
Left lower quadrant.
vertebra
Single backbone.
vertebrae
Backbones.
spinal column
Bone tissue surrounding the spinal cavity.
spinal cord
Nervous tissue within the spinal cavity.
disk (disc)
Pad of cartilage between vertebrae.
cervical
Neck region
thoracic
Chest region
lumbar
Loin (waist) region
sacral
Region of the sacrum
coccygeal
Region of the coccyx (tailbone).
anterior (ventral)
Front surface of the body.
deep
Away from the surface.
distal
Far from the point of attachment to the trunk or far from the beginning of a structure.
frontal (coronal) plane
Vertical plane dividing the body or structure into anterior and posterior portions.
inferior (caudal)
Below another structure; pertaining to the tail or lower portion of the body.
lateral
Pertaining to the side.
medial
Pertaining to the middle or near the medial plane of the body.
posterior (dorsal)
Back surface of the body.
prone
Lying on the belly (face down, palms down).
proximal
Near the point of attachment to the trunk or near the beginning of a structure
sagittal (lateral) plane
Lengthwise, vertical plane dividing the body or structure into right and left sides. From
the Latin sagitta, meaning arrow. As an arrow is shot from a bow it enters the body in
the sagittal plane, dividing right from left. The midsagittal plane divides the body into
right and left halves.
superficial
On the surface.
superior (cephalic)
Above another structure; pertaining to the head.
supine
Lying on the back (face up, palms up).
