week 1 day 2 jan 10

Question 1

of new cases of a dx within a given time period (ex. in a year) p.35

Four objectives of the scientific method ECAP pp. 30-41

Answer 1

description, prediction, control (prevention), understanding p.3

Question 2

Explain what is meant by “correlation is not causation” ECAP pp. 30-41
correlational studies only establish a relationship between factors (either positive or negative relationship) p.30; 2 characteristics might be caused by a 3rd factor p.35

Examples of risk factors and protective factors ECAP pp. 30-41
risk factors
1 community - poor neighborhood, bad school policies
2 school - poor quality
3 peers - negative influences/role models
4 family - low SES, parent psychopathology, martial conflict, harsh rearing
5 individual - early onset of problem + additional problems
6 other - direct/indirect stressful events (any or all levels)

protective factors
1 community - adequate social norms, good school policies
2 school - quality
3 peers - positive influence/role models
4 family - positive parent-child relationship
5 individual - good social skills, self-efficacy
6 other - direct/indirect social supports (any or all levels)
p.38-39

incidence ECAP pp. 30-41

prevalence ECAP pp. 30-41
total # of cases of a dx in the population within a given time frame p.35
(can change based on clinical vs nonclinical population and how dx is classified = categorical vs dimensional) and how dx is measured p.35

lifetime prevalence ECAP pp. 30-41
# of cases of a dx that might be expected to occur in one’s lifespan p.35

longitudinal study ECAP pp. 30-41
researchers committed to a research program that would require at least 15 years of data input of same individuals p.36-37

cross-sectional study ECAP pp. 30-41
allows researchers to study different groups of children (matched for similar demographics) simultaneously at different developmental times p.37

accelerated longitudinal design ECAP pp. 30-41
combo of cross-sectional and longitudinal approaches; researcher studies several age groups of children at same time and then follows these groups for next several years p.37

Question 3

Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome: characteristics, effects and causes
- effects: abnormal brain dev., retarded growth, birth defects, neurological signs (impaired motor skills and unusual gait) p.40
- causes: maternal drinking while pregnant
- characteristics: small eyes, thin lips, smooth philtrum; reduced brain volume, lower intelligence, learning disabilities, conduct dx etc. p.40

Examples of prenatal, perinatal, and post-natal influences on nervous system development and functioning
- poor maternal diet and health, stress p.40
Examples of perinatal influences on nervous system development and functioning
- preterm birth and low birthweight p.41
- earlier born, lower birthweight, greater the risk
- excessive mediation given to mom, unusual delivery, anoxia (lack of oxygen) can result in neurological problems in newborn p.41
Examples of post-natal influences on nervous system development and functioning
- on nervous systems can result from malnutrition, accident, illness, or exposure to chemicals p.41

General idea of Figure 3.4/ecological models

Four major types of child maltreatment

Factors related to negative impact of poverty on children

Figure 3.12

teratogens: harmful substances that baby can get from mom (ex. alcohol, radiation, AIDS, tobacco) p.40
heritability: the degree to which genetic influence accounts for variance in behavior among individuals in the population studied p. 43

Question 4

Effects of the following on child development: parent roles
Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3

Question 5

Effects of the following on child development: parenting styles
Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3

Question 6

Effects of the following on child development: parental psychopathology
Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3

Question 7

Effects of the following on child development: child maltreatment
Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3

Question 8

Effects of the following on child development: divorce
Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3

Question 9

Effects of the following on child development: peers
Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3

Question 10

Effects of the following on child development: school
Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3

Question 11

Effects of the following on child development: SES
Wicks-Nelson Chapter 3