week 1 day 1 jan 8

Question 1

According to the author, how long ago was child psychopathology established as a unique discipline? (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 1

30 years ago p.4

Question 2

Organizational principles of development psychopathology (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 2

define a system that considers human dev. as holistic (interactive and dynamic concept of whole child) and hierarchical (movement toward increasing complexity) p.7

Question 3

Four “D”s for distinguishing normal from abnormal (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 3

deviance, dysfunction, distress and danger p.13

Question 4

Main focus + summary: neurobiological theories (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 4

concerned w/ impact of biological and genetic factors on individual differences p.15
to define abnormal behavior, this model would seek to determine which parts of body or brain are malfunctioning (whether genetic, brain chemistry or brain anatomy) p.16

Question 5

Main focus + summary: psychodynamic theory (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 5

(Freud’s psychosexual stages) abnormal behavior results from fixation or regression based on earlier unresolved stages of conflict p.16

Question 6

Main focus + summary: Erikson’s stage theory (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 6

psychosocial stages = socioemotional tasks must be mastered to allow positive growth across lifespan p. 16
ex. 1st year of life=trust vs. mistrust (secure attachment)

Question 7

Main focus + summary: behavioral theories (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 7

based on belief that behavior is shaped by associations (contingencies) resulting from positive (reinforcement) and negative (punishment) consequences p.17

positive consequences achieved= adding a benefit or remove/avoid a negative consequence
negative consequences achieved= adding an adverse/negative consequence (punishment) or remove/avoid a positive consequence (penalty) p.17-18

Question 8

Main focus + summary: cognitive theories (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 8

focused on the relationship between thoughts and behaviors + how faulty assumptions can impact social relationships and self-attributions negatively p.19
jean piaget and stages of cognitive dev. ex: ages 2-7 = preoperational stage

Question 9

Main focus + summary: social cognitive theory (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 9

albert bandura contributions of social learning processes, observational learning and aggression; children’s observation and subsequent modeling of adult behaviors can have positive (nurturing/caring) or negative consequences (agression) p.19

Question 10

Main focus + summary: family systems theory (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 10

emphasis that family unit is the focus of assessment and intervention; family is made up of multiple systems (parent, child, siblings, extended family etc.) p.20-21

Question 11

Bronfenbrenner’s model (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 11

developmental contexts consist of multiple circles around the child, where child is innermost circle; 1. core= child’s ind. characteristics (genetics, temperament)
2. microsystem= immediate environment (family, school, peers)
3. exosystem= social/economic context (poverty, divorce, family stress)
4. macrosystem= cultural context, beliefs, laws
5. chronosystem= impact of one’s cumulative experiences over life
p.22

Question 12

tabula rosa (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 12

children come into world as a blank slate and parents’ responsibility=fill slate w/ environmental controls and discipline (john locke) p.6

Question 13

laissez-faire (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 13

children are flowers that would grow and flourish naturally w/ parents caring, nurturing them (jean-jacquees rousseau) p.6

Question 14

case formulation (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 14

a hypothesis about why the problem behavior exists and how it is being maintained p.8

Question 15

what is equifinality? (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 15

many factors may cause a single outcome ex. depression p.21

Question 16

what is multifinality? (ECAP Chapter 1)

Answer 16

similar risks may produce different outcomes ex. childhood neglect=aggressive behavior in 1 child and withdrawal in another p.21

Question 17

Table 1.1 (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 17

behavioral indicators of disorder
- developmental delay
- developmental regression or deterioration
- extremely high or low frequency of behavior
- extremely high or low intensity of behavior
- behavioral difficulty persisting over time
- behavior inappropriate to the situation
- abrupt changes in behavior
- several problem behaviors
- behavior qualitatively different from normal
p.3

Question 18

Figure 1.2 (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 18

identifications of problems of youth:
- dev. norms
- cultural norms
- gender norms
- situational norms
- changing views of abnormality
- roles of adults
p.5

Question 19

Methodological issues in gender prevalence/difference findings (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 19

males are more affected than females (in terms of disorders)
males are more affected early in life on whereas females are affected in adolescence (emotional problems and eating disorders)
males = display physical aggression; females = relational aggression (gossip/rumor spreading) p.9
in the past, there was a bias for studying males, also for clinical trials and referral bias p.9
if more boys in MH facilities, there is more research on boys p.10
different protective and risk factors associated w/ psychopathology based on gender p.10

Question 20

Table 1.3: Significance of 1896, 1905, 1913, 1935 (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 20

1896: first child clinic in the US established by uni of penn by Lightner Witmer
1905: binet & simon developed first intelligence tests to identify children who benefit from special ed efforts
signmund freud’s “3 essays on the theory of sexuality” described a startingly different view of childhood dev.
1913: john watson introduced behaviorism in his essay “psycholoy as a behaviorist views it”
1935: leo kanner authored child psychiatry, first child psychiatry text published in US
p. 11

Question 21

Contributions of G. Stanley Hall (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 21

scientific research = collected data on problems of youth to understand mental dx, crime, social dx; helped establish APA (1st president) p.14

Question 22

Contributions of Lightner Witmer (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 22

founded first child clinic; treated and assessed children with learning difficulties; founded psychological clinic journal; began hospital school for long-term observation of children; he related psych to education to sociology etc. p. 14

Question 23

Contributions of Binet & Simon (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 23

designed a test to identify children in need of special ed; their research became basis for intelligence tests p.14-15

Question 24

Contributions of Sigmund Freud (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 24

psychoanalytic theory (based on psychosexual stages p.12) , first to attempt to understand mental disorders p.11
proposed 3 structures of the mind: id, ego, superego

Question 25

Contributions of John Watson (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 25

little attention to stages and early life psych conflicts; introduced idea that most behavior (maladpative and adaptive) is learned and can be explained by learning experiences p. 13

Question 26

developmental norms (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 26

describe typical rates of growth, sequences of growth and forms of physical skills, language, cognition, social behavior and emotion p.3

Question 27

therapeutic alliance (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 27

build trusting personal bond and collaboration on tx p.17

Question 28

psychologist (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 28

receive training in research and direct contact in assessing and treating; hold a PhD/PsyD p.16

Question 29

psychiatrist (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 29

hold an MD (doctorate in Medicine); physicians specialized in tx of mental disturbance; can prescribe medications p.16

Question 30

informed consent (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 30

client consents to participate w/ full understanding of how tx will proceed p.17

Question 31

confidentiality (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Question 32

gender norms (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)
expectations based on gender p. 5

Answer 32

expectations based on gender p. 5

Question 33

situational norms (Wicks-Nelson Chapter 1)

Answer 33

expectations in specific settings or social situations p.5