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Haematology > Week 1- Constituents of blood and haemopoiesis > Flashcards

Week 1- Constituents of blood and haemopoiesis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the production of blood called?

A

Haemopoiesis (or haematopoeisis)

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2
Q

Where does haemopoeisis occur before birth?

A

Yolk sac, then the liver, then the bone marrow.

The spleen in the 3rd to 7th month.

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3
Q

Where does haemopoeisis occur at birth?

A

Mostly bone marrow but the liver and spleen when needed.

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4
Q

Where does haemopoeisis occur in adulthood?

A

Mostly the axial skeleton. E.g. skull, ribs, pelvis, proximal ends of the femur.

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5
Q

What has to occur to a stem cell to make blood?

A

They have to proliferate (increase in number) and differentiate.

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6
Q

NOTE- acronym You Love a Smart Bunny

A

Y- yolk sac (3-8weeks)
L- liver (6 weeks- birth)
S-spleen (8 weeks-28weeks)
B-bone marrow (18 weeks to adulthood)

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7
Q

What is at the very top of the haematopoeic tree?

A

Long term haematopoietic stem cells.

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8
Q

At the top of the haematopeoic tree, there are relatively few cells versus lots at the bottom. True or false?

A

True- relatively few stem cells proliferate to make lots of differentiated cells.

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9
Q

What can multipotent progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Can either go to common myeloid progenitor cells (myeloid cells) or common lymphoid progenitor cells (lymphoid cells).

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10
Q

What broad categories of cells can myeloid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
Granulocytes (eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils)
Platelets
Macrophages.

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11
Q

What can lymphoid progenitor cells differentiate into?

A

T cells
B cells
Natural Killer cells
Dendritic cells

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12
Q

What is granulopoeisis?

A

Haematopoeisis of granulocytes (eosinophils, neutrophils and basophils)

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13
Q

When a cell has the ending ‘blast’ does this mean it is in the mature or immature form?

A

Means immature, these are the most primitive sorts of cells.

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14
Q

In the process of erythropoiesis, when do the cells enter/circulate in the blood stream?

A

When it reaches the reticulocyte stage.

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15
Q

What else are red blood cells known as?

A

Erythrocytes.

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16
Q

Why in the process of erythropoeisis, do the cells change from purple early on to red later?

A

As haemoglobin is produced, the cells turn from purple to red.

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17
Q

Describe how platelets are made and from which cell they are made?

A

Platelets are made from megakaryocyte cells. In these cells the nucleus divides however the cytoplasm doesn’t, meaning through lots of divisions you get one large cell with several nuclei. The cytoplasm generates granules that eventually bud off to form platelets.

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18
Q

Can megakaryocytes enter the blood stream?

A

No they are too large.

19
Q

How are granulocytes named?

A

Named by their uptake of stains (eosin and basic dyes). Neutrophils don’t uptake either predominantly.

20
Q

What do granulocytes contain?

A

They contain granules that are easily visible on light microscopy.

21
Q

Describe the structure of neutrophils?

A

They contain a segmented nucleus (polymorphs).

22
Q

What colour do neutrophils granules stain?

A

They have neutral staining granules.

23
Q

What is the function of neutrophils?

A

Phagocytose invaders
Kill with granule contents (and die in the process)
Attract other cells
Increase in bodily stress.

24
Q

Describe the life of neutrophils.

A

They have a short life in the circulation, and transit to tissues.

25
Q

Describe the structure of eosinophils?

A

They are bilobed

26
Q

What colour do eosinophil granules stain?

A

They stain bright red/orange.

27
Q

What is the function of eosinophils?

A

Fight parasitic infections
Involved in hypersensitivity reactions
Often elevated in patients with allergic conditions.

28
Q

Describe the structure of basophils? Also what colour do their granules stain?

A

They have large deep purple granules that obscure the nucleus.

29
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

They are the circulating version of tissue mast cells.
They mediate hypersensitivity reactions.
Fc receptors bind IgE

30
Q

What do basophils granules contain?

A

Histamine.

31
Q

What are monocytes?

A

They are the large, circulating version of macrophages.

32
Q

Describe the structure of monocytes?

A

They have a large single nucleus. Their granules faintly stain, often vacuolated (contains vacuoles)

33
Q

What is the function of monocytes?

A

They circulate for a week and enter the tissues to become macrophages.
They phagocytose invaders and present antigens to lymphocytes
They attract other cells.

34
Q

Monocytes live longer than neutrophils, true or false?

A

True.

35
Q

How can lymphocytes be divided (think age not B, T etc)

A

Into mature and activated (also known as atypical-these are usually T cells).

36
Q

Describe the structure of mature lymphocytes?

A

These are small with a condensed nucleus and a rim of cytoplasm.

37
Q

Describe the structure of atypical lymphocytes?

A

Large with plentiful blue cytoplasm that extends around neighbouring red cells on the film. The nucleus has a more open structure.

38
Q

What is the function of lymphocytes?

A

Cognate the response to infection (described as the brain of the immune system).

39
Q

What types of lymphocytes are there?

A

B lymphocytes
T lymphocytes
NK cells

40
Q

The more primitive blood cells are less common, so how could you recognise them using tests?

A

Immunophenotyping- allows you to look for specific antigens on their surfaces.
Bioassays- culture in vitro (lab) and show lineage of progeny in different growth conditions.

41
Q

How do you go about examining the haemopoeitic system?

A

Look at peripheral blood
Look at bone marrow
Specialised tests on bone marrow
Look at other sites of relevance to blood production e.g. splenomegaly, hepatomegaly, lymphadenopathy

42
Q

At what site in the body do you extract bone marrow from?

A

Posterior iliac crests

43
Q

What are you likely to have in your bone marrow sample?

A

Both bone marrow cells and fat cells (makes up about 50%).

Haematology (26 decks)

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