Week 1 - Class 2

Question 1

Why do we need to learn about the history of nursing?

Answer 1

• Sense of past
• Tradition of Social Justice
• Crucial to advancing the profession
• Explains development of professional identity

Question 2

How did the word “nurse” advance?

Answer 2

12th C – nurrice (foster mother or wet nurse)

13th C – nurshen – to nourish

16th C – to raise a child; to suckle an infant

17th C - Shakespeare “I will attend my husband, be his nurse, Diet his sicknesse, for it is my Office”

18th C – first recorded as to take care of a sick person

Early 19th C – entomological term related to bees

Question 3

Is the word nurse a noun or verb?

Answer 3

Both

1) Noun:
- A person who has general care of a child
- A person employed to suckle an infant
- Entomology - A worker that attends the young in a colony of social insects
- Billiards - The act of maintaining the position of billiard balls in preparation for a carom

2) Verb:
- To tend or minister to in sickness
- To try to cure by taking care of oneself
- To look after carefully so as to promote G&D
- To treat or handle with care in order to further one’s interests
- To use, consume, or dispense very slowly or carefully
- To keep steadily in mind or memory

Question 4

How have nurses evolved (photos slide 5)?

Answer 4

Difference in uniforms:

• Military uniforms
• Religious guards

Women dominated:
- No men shown until present

Question 5

In ancient times, who took care of the family?

How did they view nursing?

Answer 5

• Mainly women
• Private nurses in upper class families
• Nurses mostly serves as midwives

“Caring vs. curing”

Question 6

When did the first male care for sick in a formal health care centre? Where?

Where else?

Answer 6

1629 - At a sick bay established at a French garrison in Port Royal Acadia

Jesuit priests who came to New France as missionaries cared for the sick

Question 7

How did Indigenous health practices influence nursing?

Answer 7

Prior to colonization, they possess rich and diverse healing systems

• Extensive knowledge of medicinal plants
• They have not been captured as part of the history
• Vital role as midwives and nurses

Question 8

How were sick people treated by the Early Canadian European Settlers in 1713-1814?

Answer 8

Sick were primary cared for by the women in the families

- Poor people suffered more as they couldn’t afford a nurse or stay home to take care of the sick family member

Question 9

Who are the Grey Nuns? What did they do?

Answer 9

Roman catholic women

- Cared for the poor

Question 10

Why is Crimea important?

Answer 10

Florence Nightingale - The Founder of Modern Nursing (1820-1910)

Question 11

What is an important quote from Florence Nightingale? What does this mean?

Answer 11

“Were there none who were discontented with what they have, the world would never reach anything better.”

• The idea that if we are always satisfied with they way things are, we would never advance to something better

Question 12

What is a polar diagram? What did it show?

Answer 12

Created by Florence Nightingale to depict death in the war

- It showed death directly (battle) and indirectly (avoidable)

Question 13

Describe nurses in the late 1800’s:

Answer 13

• Era of apprenticeship
• Evaluated on getting the work done
• Appearance was also a major part of evaluation
• Handmaiden to physicians

Question 14

Describe nurses in the early 1900’s:

Answer 14

• Provisional Society of the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses established in 1908
• Renamed CNA in 1924
• Suffragette movement
• Shift from community to hospital care
• Males and females

Question 15

How did WWI impact women and nursing?

Answer 15

• Allowed them to break stereotypes
• Physically and emotionally draining
• Idea of being feminine changed

Question 16

What resulted from The Great Depression?

Answer 16

• Graduate nurses flooded the market

Weir Report released in 1932 confirmed what nurses already knew:
- Nursing school conditions deplorable; student health in jeopardy; education secondary to service

• Overall: Brought unemployment and hardship

Question 17

How did WWII impact nursing?

Answer 17

Nurses signed up following unemployment struggles from The Great Depression

• Forced to return because of demand
• Worked closer to front lines - served under fire
• Skills and dedication attributed to low post-injuries
• Created status for nurses

Question 18

When did the expansion of nursing education occur?

Answer 18

After WWII

Question 19

Why did health education become a priority during WWII?

Answer 19

• Health education had become a priority as health personnel were needed to care for soldiers

Question 20

What happened after WWII?

Answer 20

• Following the war many nurses left their positions resulting in a shortage

Question 21

After WWII, what were nurses interested in?

Answer 21

• New interest in nursing education: movement for nursing schools separate from hospitals began

Question 22

In the late 60s, what was established across Canada?

Answer 22

Integrated degree programs were established at universities across Canada

Question 23

What did Jean Goodwill and Jocelyn V do?

Answer 23

Formed the Canadian Indigenous Nurses Association in 1975

• 41 nurses discussing roles of indigenous health problems
• updated in 2010 - research, government, teaching/education all to help strengthen partnerships

Question 24

What has happened from 1970-present?

Answer 24

1975: Proposed that all new nursing graduates be prepared at the baccalaureate level by 1995

Graduate programs in nursing began to proliferate across Canada

• 1st Masters program established at Western in 1959
• 1st Doctoral program at University of Alberta in 1991

More men entering profession

Question 25

What is important to learn from the history of nursing?

Answer 25

It is critical to learn from the lessons of history in order to advance the profession of nursing in the interests of the public (CNA, 2008)

Question 26

What are the symbols of nursing?

Have they changed over the years?

Answer 26

• Starched white uniform (cleanliness, purity, etc.)
• Maiden
• Nursing caps

Yes

• Uniform
• Leadership role

Question 27

Social Justice & Feminism

How do these concepts relate to what nurses have done in the past and do now?

Think of an example.

Answer 27

Female dominant

• Reporting to physician
• Oppression

Feminist
- Power relationships

Question 28

What is social justice?

Answer 28

Maintaining awareness of major health concerns such as poverty, inadequate shelter, food insecurity and violence. Nurses work individually and with others for social justice and to advocate for laws, policies and procedures designed to bring about equity.

Question 29

What does the CNA say about promoting justice?

Answer 29

A number of points

- Safeguarding human rights, equity, and fairness and by promoting the public good

Question 30

Who is Mary Agnes Snively?

Answer 30

• Born in St. Catharines, ON in 1847
• Upon graduation she was appointed the Lady Superintendent of Nurses at Toronto General and the Director of the School of Nursing
• By 1910 the school was the largest in Canada
• In 1899 was elected honorary treasurer of the ICN
• Driving force behind the founding of the Provisional Organization of the Canadian National Association of Trained Nurses (later CNA)

Question 31

Who is Jean I. Gunn?

Answer 31

• Born in 1882 in Belleville, ON
• Appointed superintendent of nurses at Toronto General in 1913
• She worked hard for the registration of nurses which occured in 1922
  Weir Report, 1932
• Received numerous honours and recognition for her services to nursing and health care throughout her life