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Human Anatomy > Week 1: Cells > Flashcards

Week 1: Cells Flashcards

0
Q

What are the subdivisions of the cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol and organelles

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1
Q

What two things does a cell consists of?

A

Cytoplasm and plasmalemma

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2
Q

Name the nonmembranous organelles. 6 total

A 
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes
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3
Q

Name the membranous organelles. 6 total

A 
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
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4
Q

The plasmalemma is a cell membrane composed of which four compounds?

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Protein
Cholesterol

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5
Q

What is another name for the plasmalemma?

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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6
Q

Are the glycolipids and glycoproteins located on the hydrophobic or hydrophilic end of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic

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7
Q

What are the two types of protein molecules located on the plasmalemma called?

A

Peripheral and integral

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8
Q

What is unique about the integral proteins of the plasmalemma?

A

They form channels that can open and close.

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9
Q

What is the function of sterol molecules on the plasmalemma?

A

They maintain fluidity of the membrane.

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10
Q

Passive and active processes are behaviors that make up which characteristic of the plasmalemma?

A

Permiability or membrane permeability

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11
Q

Diffusion is the movement of _____ and is a(n) _____ process.

A

Molecules; passive

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12
Q

Osmosis is the movement of what type of molecules?

A

Water

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13
Q

In facilitated diffusion, what is needed to transport solutes across the plasmalemma?

A

Carrier proteins

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14
Q

What are the three passive processes that move material through the plasmalemma?

A

Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

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15
Q

What is the main characteristic of a passive process?

A

Materials move along the concentration gradient from higher to lower areas of concentration.

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16
Q

Substances that can move across the plasmalemma despite the concentration gradient are part of what process?

A

Active

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17
Q

What is burned during active transport?

A

ATP

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18
Q

What are subcategories of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

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19
Q

What do vesicles bring into the cell during pinocytosis?

A

Small molecules

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20
Q

What do vesicles bring in during phagocytosis?

A

Solid particles

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21
Q

In pinocytosis, what other substances are involved?

A

Extracellular fluid and its solutes

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22
Q

In phagocytosis, what other substances are involved?

A

Bacteria, viruses, cell debris, and other foreign material

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23
Q

What affects the rate during phagocytosis?

A

The presence and abundance of extra cellular pathogens or debris

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24
Q

Exocytosis and endocytosis are what kind of process?

A

Active

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25
Q

The release of intracellular material to the extracellular area is _____.

A

Exocytosis

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26
Q

What substances are involved in exocytosis?

A

Fluid, cellular waste, and secretory products

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27
Q

What are the factors of exocytosis?

A

ATP and calcium ions

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28
Q

T/F: The cytosol has a net negative charge.

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: The cytosol has a low concentration of protein.

A

False

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30
Q

T/F: The cytosol contains a higher concentration of K ions and a lower concentration of Na ions compared to the ECF?

A

True

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31
Q

What are the two types of cells in the body?

A

Sex and somatic

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32
Q

What are the sex cells

A

Sperm and oocytes

33
Q

What are the four major functions of the plasmalemma?

A

Physical isolation
Permiability
Sensitivity
Cell-to-cell communication/adhesion/structural support

34
Q

What structure has finger like projections and absorb material from the ECF?

A

Microvilli

35
Q

T/F: Microvilli help increase the surface area of the plasmalemma?

A

True

36
Q

T/F: Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, and microtubules are found in the cytoskeleton?

A

True

37
Q

Microfilaments contain what protein?

A

Actin

38
Q

Anchoring the cytoskeleton to integral proteins is a function of?

A

Microfilaments

39
Q

Anchoring the plasmalemma to the cytoplasm is a function of?

A

Microfilaments

40
Q

Stabilizing the position of integral proteins is a function of?

A

Microfilaments

41
Q

Producing movement or changing the cell’s shape is a function of?

A

Microfilaments

42
Q

Transporting material within the cytosol is a function of?

A

Intermediate filaments

43
Q

Providing strength is a function of?

A

Intermediate filaments

44
Q

Stabilizing organelle position is the function of?

A

Intermediate filaments

45
Q

Thick filaments are composed of which protein?

A

Myosin

46
Q

Helping muscles contract is the function of?

A

Thick filaments

47
Q

Thick filaments are found in what type of cell?

A

Muscle

48
Q

Microtubules are composed of what type of protein?

A

Tubulin

49
Q

Moving materials across the surface of the cell is a function of?

A

Microtubules

50
Q

Moving the entire cell is the function of?

A

Microtubules

51
Q

Moving chromosomes to the poles of the cell is a function of?

A

Microtubules

52
Q

Give three examples of microtubules.

A

Centrioles
Celia
Flagella

53
Q

What are the two types of ribosomes?

A

Free and fixed

54
Q

Where are fixed ribosomes located?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

55
Q

Where are free ribosomes located?

A

Cytoplasm

56
Q

Producing protein is the function of which type of ribosome?

A

Both fixed and free

57
Q

Producing ATP is the function of which organelle?

A

Mitochondria

58
Q

The nucleus contains?

A

Chromosomes

59
Q

A network of hollow tubes describes which organelle?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum

60
Q

Modifying protein is the job of which organelle?

A

Golgi apparatus

61
Q

The lysosomes in a cell contain what?

A

Cellular digestive enzymes

62
Q

Peroxisomes breakdown hydrogen peroxide because they contain which enzyme?

A

Catalase

63
Q

Mitochondria use which structure to aid in its function?

A

Cristae

64
Q

The control center of the cell is called?

A

Nucleus

65
Q

DNA are wrapped around proteins called?

A

Histones

66
Q

T/F: Chromosomes, nucleosomes, and chromatin make up the nucleus?

A

True

67
Q

What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?

A

Smooth and rough

68
Q

RER consists of free or fixed ribosomes?

A

Fixed

69
Q

T/F: Calcium ions are stored in the RER.

A

False

70
Q

T/F: Lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates are synthesized in the SER?

A

True

71
Q

The detoxification of toxins is a function of?

A

SER

72
Q

The synthesis and packaging of secretions is the function of?

A

Golgi apparatus

73
Q

Modifying protein is a function of?

A

Golgi apparatus

74
Q

Renewal and modification of the plasmalemma is a function of which organelle?

A

Golgi apparatus

75
Q

Lysosomes fuse with what to digest solid materials?

A

Phagosomes

76
Q

The recycling of damaged organelles is the function of?

A

Lysosomes

77
Q

What can rupture and start autolysis?

A

Lysosomes

78
Q

Which organ cells can you expect to find an abundance of Peroxisomes?

A

Liver

79
Q

The production of water and other oxidants is a function of which organelle?

A

Peroxisomes

80
Q

Proteoglycans is another term for?

A

Cellular cement

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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