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Human Anatomy > Week 1: Cells > Flashcards

Week 1: Cells Flashcards

0
Q

What are the subdivisions of the cytoplasm?

A

Cytosol and organelles

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1
Q

What two things does a cell consists of?

A

Cytoplasm and plasmalemma

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2
Q

Name the nonmembranous organelles. 6 total

A 
Cytoskeleton
Microvilli
Centrioles
Cilia
Flagella
Ribosomes
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3
Q

Name the membranous organelles. 6 total

A 
Mitochondria
Nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lysosomes
Peroxisomes
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4
Q

The plasmalemma is a cell membrane composed of which four compounds?

A

Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Protein
Cholesterol

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5
Q

What is another name for the plasmalemma?

A

Phospholipid Bilayer

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6
Q

Are the glycolipids and glycoproteins located on the hydrophobic or hydrophilic end of the phospholipid bilayer?

A

Hydrophilic

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7
Q

What are the two types of protein molecules located on the plasmalemma called?

A

Peripheral and integral

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8
Q

What is unique about the integral proteins of the plasmalemma?

A

They form channels that can open and close.

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9
Q

What is the function of sterol molecules on the plasmalemma?

A

They maintain fluidity of the membrane.

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10
Q

Passive and active processes are behaviors that make up which characteristic of the plasmalemma?

A

Permiability or membrane permeability

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11
Q

Diffusion is the movement of _____ and is a(n) _____ process.

A

Molecules; passive

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12
Q

Osmosis is the movement of what type of molecules?

A

Water

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13
Q

In facilitated diffusion, what is needed to transport solutes across the plasmalemma?

A

Carrier proteins

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14
Q

What are the three passive processes that move material through the plasmalemma?

A

Diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion

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15
Q

What is the main characteristic of a passive process?

A

Materials move along the concentration gradient from higher to lower areas of concentration.

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16
Q

Substances that can move across the plasmalemma despite the concentration gradient are part of what process?

A

Active

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17
Q

What is burned during active transport?

A

ATP

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18
Q

What are subcategories of endocytosis?

A

Pinocytosis and phagocytosis

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19
Q

What do vesicles bring into the cell during pinocytosis?

A

Small molecules

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20
Q

What do vesicles bring in during phagocytosis?

A

Solid particles

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21
Q

In pinocytosis, what other substances are involved?

A

Extracellular fluid and its solutes

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22
Q

In phagocytosis, what other substances are involved?

A

Bacteria, viruses, cell debris, and other foreign material

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23
Q

What affects the rate during phagocytosis?

A

The presence and abundance of extra cellular pathogens or debris

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24
Exocytosis and endocytosis are what kind of process?
Active
25
The release of intracellular material to the extracellular area is _____.
Exocytosis
26
What substances are involved in exocytosis?
Fluid, cellular waste, and secretory products
27
What are the factors of exocytosis?
ATP and calcium ions
28
T/F: The cytosol has a net negative charge.
True
29
T/F: The cytosol has a low concentration of protein.
False
30
T/F: The cytosol contains a higher concentration of K ions and a lower concentration of Na ions compared to the ECF?
True
31
What are the two types of cells in the body?
Sex and somatic
32
What are the sex cells
Sperm and oocytes
33
What are the four major functions of the plasmalemma?
Physical isolation Permiability Sensitivity Cell-to-cell communication/adhesion/structural support
34
What structure has finger like projections and absorb material from the ECF?
Microvilli
35
T/F: Microvilli help increase the surface area of the plasmalemma?
True
36
T/F: Microfilaments, intermediate filaments, thick filaments, and microtubules are found in the cytoskeleton?
True
37
Microfilaments contain what protein?
Actin
38
Anchoring the cytoskeleton to integral proteins is a function of?
Microfilaments
39
Anchoring the plasmalemma to the cytoplasm is a function of?
Microfilaments
40
Stabilizing the position of integral proteins is a function of?
Microfilaments
41
Producing movement or changing the cell's shape is a function of?
Microfilaments
42
Transporting material within the cytosol is a function of?
Intermediate filaments
43
Providing strength is a function of?
Intermediate filaments
44
Stabilizing organelle position is the function of?
Intermediate filaments
45
Thick filaments are composed of which protein?
Myosin
46
Helping muscles contract is the function of?
Thick filaments
47
Thick filaments are found in what type of cell?
Muscle
48
Microtubules are composed of what type of protein?
Tubulin
49
Moving materials across the surface of the cell is a function of?
Microtubules
50
Moving the entire cell is the function of?
Microtubules
51
Moving chromosomes to the poles of the cell is a function of?
Microtubules
52
Give three examples of microtubules.
Centrioles Celia Flagella
53
What are the two types of ribosomes?
Free and fixed
54
Where are fixed ribosomes located?
Endoplasmic reticulum
55
Where are free ribosomes located?
Cytoplasm
56
Producing protein is the function of which type of ribosome?
Both fixed and free
57
Producing ATP is the function of which organelle?
Mitochondria
58
The nucleus contains?
Chromosomes
59
A network of hollow tubes describes which organelle?
Endoplasmic reticulum
60
Modifying protein is the job of which organelle?
Golgi apparatus
61
The lysosomes in a cell contain what?
Cellular digestive enzymes
62
Peroxisomes breakdown hydrogen peroxide because they contain which enzyme?
Catalase
63
Mitochondria use which structure to aid in its function?
Cristae
64
The control center of the cell is called?
Nucleus
65
DNA are wrapped around proteins called?
Histones
66
T/F: Chromosomes, nucleosomes, and chromatin make up the nucleus?
True
67
What are the two types of endoplasmic reticulum?
Smooth and rough
68
RER consists of free or fixed ribosomes?
Fixed
69
T/F: Calcium ions are stored in the RER.
False
70
T/F: Lipids, steroids, and carbohydrates are synthesized in the SER?
True
71
The detoxification of toxins is a function of?
SER
72
The synthesis and packaging of secretions is the function of?
Golgi apparatus
73
Modifying protein is a function of?
Golgi apparatus
74
Renewal and modification of the plasmalemma is a function of which organelle?
Golgi apparatus
75
Lysosomes fuse with what to digest solid materials?
Phagosomes
76
The recycling of damaged organelles is the function of?
Lysosomes
77
What can rupture and start autolysis?
Lysosomes
78
Which organ cells can you expect to find an abundance of Peroxisomes?
Liver
79
The production of water and other oxidants is a function of which organelle?
Peroxisomes
80
Proteoglycans is another term for?
Cellular cement

Human Anatomy (9 decks)

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