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Human Physiology > Week 1: Cell Signaling and Homeostasis > Flashcards

Week 1: Cell Signaling and Homeostasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is Direct Contact?

A
  • two neighboring cells having gaps in their membranes (gap junctions)
  • cells from either cell react with each other creating a response
  • two cells in blood stream have surface proteins
  • when those proteins connect it can cause a reaction such as the release of some molecules
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2
Q

What is indirect contact?

A
  • proteins/molecules manage to break through the cell membrane and can create a response if they find other receptor molecules in the blood stream
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3
Q

What is the paracrine system?

A

when cell response happens indirectly over a short distance

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4
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

when cell response happens indirectly over a long distance. Molecules are called hormones

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5
Q

What is the autocrine process?

A

when a cells own molecules react with the cell to cause a response by binding with the cells receptors

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6
Q

what is a ligand?

A

the molecule which binds to a receptor

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7
Q

what is signal transduction

A

when the signal is bought into the cell from the receptor

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8
Q

what is the condition of equilibrium

A

the body’s internal balance

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9
Q

what is homeostasis

A

a dynamic process by which we adapt and adjust to changes in our environment to maintain functional integrity

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10
Q

why is homeostasis a fundamental principle of body function

A
  • all variables pf physiological mechanisms must operate within a narrow range of values
  • furthermore, there needs to be a balance between different variables. This means that homeostasis of one variable is not independent of other variables
  • a core concept to understanding physiology
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11
Q

afferent

A

from sensory receptors to the CNS

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12
Q

efferent

A

from the CNS to the muscles/glands

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13
Q

breathing regulation

A
  • sensor: chemosensors (carotoid bodies and aortic body)
  • control centre: brain stem
  • effector: diaphragm and respiratory muscles
  • effector response: changes in breathing frequency and tidal volume
  • regulated variable: 75-100mmHg
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14
Q

heart regulation

A
  • sensor: mechanosensors (carotoid sinus and aortic arch)
  • control centre: medulla
  • effector: heart rate and blood pressure
  • effector response: alter heart rate and peripheral resistance
  • regulated variable: 93mmHg
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15
Q

blood glucose regulation

A
  • senosor: fed state (chemosensors - pancreas), fasted state (chemosensors - hypothalamus/pancreas)
  • control centre: pancreas
  • effector: liver, adipose tissue, skeletal muscle
  • effector response: alter storage/metabolism/release of glucose and its related compounds
  • regulated variable: 70-110 mg/dl
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16
Q

core body temperature regulation

A
  • sensor: thermoceptors (hypothalamus, skin)
  • control centre: hypothalamus
  • effector: blood vessels, sweat glands and skeletal muscle
  • effector response: blood vessels, sweat glands and skeletal muscle
  • regulated variable: 37 C
17
Q

what are the different patterns in homeostasis

A
  • tight control means that at any given time a variable will be close to the predicted value
  • looser control means the variable may fluctuate in response to diurnal rhythms but they will eventually return to normal
18
Q

what is gain

A
  • the gain of a variable is the precision by which a control system can prevent deviation from homeostasis
  • a control system that has a larger gain indicates that it has a more sensitive regulation that better maintains “normal” or closer to “normal” conditions
19
Q

what is the calculation for gain

A

gain = (amount of correlation needed) / (amount of abnormality after correction)

20
Q

what is negative feedback

A
  • acts to reduce an effect e.g. thinning blood
  • bring things back to normal
21
Q

what is positive feedback

A
  • acts to increase an effect
  • e.g. blood clotting
22
Q

what are feedforward loops

A
  • physiological responses in anticipation of a change
  • e.g. heart rate increasing prior to a race
23
Q

what is a reflex response

A

requires knowledge from an integrating centre and a circuitry that connects the receptor and the effector

24
Q

what is a local response

A

highly significant because they allow individual parts of the body to self regulate their responses to certain conditions

Human Physiology (11 decks)

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