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E 1.3: Histology, Anatomy, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases Lab > Week 1: Brain Embryology > Flashcards

Week 1: Brain Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

Identify the brain region seen here

A

Telencephalon

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2
Q

Coordinates/regulates the endocrine system to release hormones, temperature regulation, regulation of the autonomic nervous system, and the control of appetite

A

Diencephalon

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3
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the cyan arrow

A

Thalamus

modality is pain, temperature, and crude touch

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4
Q

What sensory modalities are shown in this image?

A

Pain, Temperature and Crude touch

We see cross over at that level and the second-order neuron cell body is located in the dorsal horn gray matter

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5
Q

What neuron is always the neuron that crosses over in sensory modalities?

A

Second-order neuron

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6
Q

Relays sensory and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, and regulates circadian rhythms, sleep,and arousal

A

Mesencephalon

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7
Q

Identify the brain region seen here

A

Mesencephalon

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8
Q

Identify the ventricular structure indicated with a green star

A

Lateral ventricle

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9
Q

Identify the ventricular structure indicated with a orange star

A

3rd ventricle

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10
Q

Identify the ventricular structure indicated with a cyan arrow

A

cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

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11
Q

Identify the ventricular structure indicated with a blue star

A

4th ventricle

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12
Q
A

Metencephalon

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13
Q

Coordinates unconscious regulation of balance, muscle tone, coordination of voluntary movements

A

Cerebellum

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14
Q

Includes neural pathways and tracts that conduct signals from the brain down to the cerebellum and medulla, and tracts that carry the sensory signals up into the thalamus

A

Pons

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15
Q

Identify the structure seen here

A

pons

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16
Q

Houses cranial nerve nuclei IX-X11, “relay center”, regulation of respiration, heartbeat, reflexes

A

medulla oblongata

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17
Q

Identify the structure seen here

A

Medulla oblongata

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18
Q

Identify the structures indicated by the red arrows

A

Lateral ventricles

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19
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the cyan arrow

A

3rd ventricle

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20
Q

occurs when there’s a blockage within the ventricles of the brain, preventing the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

Non-communicating / Obstructive hydrocephalus

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21
Q

occurs when the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is blocked after it leaves the ventricles, but not within them. This type of hydrocephalus is often caused by impaired CSF absorption into the venous system, typically due to conditions like subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis, or inflammatory changes in the arachnoid granulations.

A

Communicating / Non-obstructive hydrocephalus

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22
Q

Where does CSF exit the ventricle system and go into the subarachnoid space?

A

4th Ventricle

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23
Q

Identify the structure indicated by the cyan arrow

A

4th ventricle

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24
Q

What 3 things are associated with Arnold-Chiari malformation type II (Chiari II)

A
  • cerebellum vermis and tonsil herniation
  • ventriculomegaly (non-communicating / obstructive hydrocephalus)
  • myelomeningocele
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25
**Identify the congenital condition seen here**
microcephaly
26
What causes microcephaly?
Decreased number of neuronal progenitor cells
27
What viral infection can result microcephaly?
Zika Virus from mosquito during pregnancy
28
the incomplete closure of the cranial / rostral neuropore of the neural tube during early fetal development
Encephalocele
29
What may prevent some types of encephaloceles
maternal folic acid (B9)
30
identify the condition seen here
Holoprosencephaly
31
What gene mutation is holoprosencephaly linked to?
Sonic hedgehog (Shh) gene
32
condition characterized by a smooth, underdeveloped brain surface
Lissencephaly / Pachygyria
33
What causes lissencephaly?
defects in neuronal migration during embryonic development
34
ID
Ependymal cell layer
35
What are 2 functions of the ependymal layer
* forms choroid plexus - CSF production * cells contain lots of tight junctions as part of the blood-CSF barrier
36
ID
Ventricular zone
37
What is the function of the ventricular zone of the spinal cord?
contains dividing neuroblasts, progenitors of neurons and glia of the CNS
38
What gout treating medication can affect the ventricular zone of the spinal cord
colchicine
39
ID
Mantle layer
40
ID
Marginal layer
41
Contains neuronal cell bodies, forms the gray matter of the CNS
Mantle layer ## Footnote "graying mantis"
42
Contains axons from neurons, forms the white matter of the CNS
Marginal layer
43
ID
alar plate
44
ID
Basal plate
45
ID
Sulcus limitans
46
What neurons does the alar plate contain
sensory neurons
47
the basal plate gives rise to what neurons
motor neurons
48
What brain structures does the alar plate give rise to
* Telencephalon * Diencephalon excluding hypothalamus * Cerebellum
49
Divides the alar and basal plates
Sulcus limitans
50
B
51
D
52
A
53
C
54
C
55
C ## Footnote Failure to close neuropores can lead to anencephaly/spina bifida/encephalocele Failure of neuroblast migration to the cerebral cortex would be more typical of lissencephaly Incomplete regression of Rathke's pouch results in a Rathke's cyst while an ACP is epithelial remnants of pouch
56
Holoprosencephaly is associated with what trisomy?
Trisomy 13
57
What is a pregnancy sign of holoprosencephaly?
Polyhydramnios
58
E
59
What are the main signs and symptoms of Chiari II? ## Footnote “Two little room” - less space in skull
* **C**rowded small posterior fossa * **H**erniated cerebellar vermis/tonsils * **I**nferior brainstem pulled down * **A**FP elevated (open NTD) * **R**egularly linked to myelomeningocele * **I**nfant presents with hydrocephalus * **II** problems: brain and spinal cord
60
What are the main signs and symptoms of Dandy-Walker? ## Footnote Dandy-Walker = “Dandy’s Big Dome”
* **D**ilated 4th ventricle (D is 4th alphabet letter) * **A**bsent cerebellar vermis * **N**ewborn has macrocephaly * **D**istended posterior fossa * **Y**ou may see midline brain defects
61
What are the main signs and symptoms of aqeuduct stenosis?
**S**tuck CSF in ventricles above aqueduct **T**ransmitted X-linked **E**nlarged ventricles above aqueduct **N**o spinal defects **O**bstructive hydrocephalus **S**kull expands, but no other malformations
62
D
63
B

E 1.3: Histology, Anatomy, Pathology, and Infectious Diseases Lab (14 decks)

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