WEEK 1 BIOSCIENCE - INTRO TO HUMAN BODY Flashcards
4 basic types of tissues
epithelial
connective
muscular
nervous
Identify all human body systems
integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
urinary
endocrine
digestive
male reproductive
female reproductive
Integumentary system principle functions
- external body covering and protects the body and deeper tissue from injury
- synthesis of vitamin D
- houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and oil glands
- regulates temperature
Integumentary system’s main organs
skin
hair
nails
skeletal system principle functions
- protects and supports body organs
- provides a framework for muscles to generate movement
- blood cells are formed in bone
- bones store minerals
skeletal system main organs
bones
joints
muscular system principle functions
- allows manipulation of environment
- locomotion/voluntary involuntary movement
- facial expressions
- maintains posture
- produces heat
muscular system main organs
skeletal muscles
nervous system principle functions
- fast-acting control system
- responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands to respond to stimuli
nervous system’s main organs
brain
spinal cord
nerves
endocrine system principle functions
- glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrient use (metabolism) by body cells
endocrine system’s main organs
Pineal gland
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
thymus
adrenal gland
pancreas
testis
ovary
cardiovascular system principle functions
- blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc
- the heart pumps blood
The cardiovascular system’s main organs
heart
blood vessels
lymphatic system principle functions
- picks up fluid leaked out from blood vessels and returns to blood (fluid balance)
- disposes of debris in the lymphatic system
- houses WBC involved in immunity
- the immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances in the body
lymphatic system’s main organs
red bone marrow
thymus
lymphatic vessels
thoracic duct
spleen
lymph nodes
respiratory system principle functions
- keeps blood constantly supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
- these exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs
respiratory system main organs
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchus
lungs
digestive system principle functions
- breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood for distribution to body cells
- indigestible foodstuffs are eliminated
digestive system’s main organs
oral cavity
esophagus
liver
stomach
large and small intestine
rectum and anus
urinary system principle functions
- eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
- regulates water, electrolyte and acid-base balance of the blood
urinary system’s main organs
kidney
ureter
bladder
urethra
mal reproductive system principle functions
- production of offspring
- testes produce sperm ad male sex hormone and male ducts and glands aid in the delivery of sperm into the female reproductive tract
male reproductive system’s main organs
prostate
penis
testis
scrotum
ductus deferens
female reproductive system principle functions
- production of offspring
- ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
- the remaining female structures serve as sites for fertilisation and development of the fetus
- mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish the newborn
female reproductive system’s main organs
mammary glands
ovary
fallopian tubes
uterus
vagina
intercellular fluid (ICF)
fluid outside the cells
extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid outside the cells
two categories of ECF
interstitial fluid (ISF)
plasma
three types of chemical reactions
synthesis (anabolic): small -> large
decomposition (catabolic): large -> small
exchange (displacement)
catalyst
a substance that increases the rate of reaction
body pH range
7.35-7.45
carbohydrate functions
provide short term energy for cellular function
Lipids function: triglycerides
long term energy storage
thermal insulation
protection from mechanical trauma
lipids function: phospholipids
distinctive structure
cell membranes
lipids function: steroids
lipids function: steroids
DNA functions
hereditary informtaion
encodes genes
fibrous proteins
elongated, strand-like
stable
structural proteins
e.g. keratin, collagen
globular proteins
compact, spherical
chemically active
functional proteins
e.g. enzymes, hormones
homeostasis
keeping a relatively stable environment
homeostatic control mechanisms’ major components
stimulus -> receptor -> (afferent pathway) -> control centre -> (efferent pathway) -> effector -> response
what is regulated in our internal environment
gas concentrations
nutrient levels
water volume and pressure
electrolyte concentrations
acid-base balance
temperature
waste products
types of receptors
thermoreceptors
chemoreceptors
osmoreceptors
mechanoreceptors
barorecetors
thermoreceptors
detect changes in temperature
chemoreceptors
detect changes in chemical levels in fluids e.g. ions + pH
osmoreceptors
detect changes in osmolarity of the blood (balance between the amount of solvents and solute in the blood)
mechanoreceptors
detect changes in mechanical pressure
baroreceptors
detect changes in BP in arteries
nervous system impulses
nervous impulses
electrical
rapid
short-lived
limited target range
endocrine system impulses
hormones
chemical
slow acting
long-lived
wide target range
contents of blood
plasma 45%
buffy coat <1%
-> WBC and platelets (blood clotting)
haematocrit 42-47%
erythrocytes
function: gas transport
- biconcave shape: large SA:V
- no oganelles: more space for Hb
- flexibility: ability to bend
functions of blood
- distribution: oxygen and carbon dioxide, hormones, nutrients and wastes
- regulation: interstitial fluid, pH, body temp
- protection: infection control, prevention of blood loss
