Week 1: Anatomy & Physiology Slides Flashcards
Define: Anatomy
- Form and structure
Eg. Heart – 4 chambers
Define: Physiology
- Function (how it works)
eg. cardiac muscle, “pacemaker”
***Define: Metabolism
- The sum total of all the cells chemical reactions in the body (cells)
- Enables us to acquire and use energy for all life processes
Define: Homeostasis
- The condition of a constant stable internal environment
- Maintenance of relatively stable conditions (textbook)
- Ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside of the body
ex: temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar levels
What are the levels of organization of the body? (6)
1) Chemical level
2) Cellular Level
3) Tissue Level
4) Organ Level
5) System Level
6) Organism Level
(C.C.T.O.S.O)
Levels of Organization:
- Chemical Level
- Includes atoms and molecules
- Atoms: the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
- Molecules: two or more atoms joined together
Levels of Organization:
- Cellular Level
- Cells: the basic structural and functional units of an organism
Levels of Organization:
- Tissue Level
- Tissues: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
- 4 types of tissues:
1) Epithelial
2) Connective
3) Muscular
4) Nervous
Levels of Organization:
- Organ Level
- Organs: composed of 2 or more different types of tissues and have specific functions
Levels of Organization:
- System Level
- System: consists of related organs that have a common function
Levels of Organization:
- Organism Level
- Largest level of organization
- Organism: all of the systems of the body combine
What is the anatomical position?
- Standing erect facing forward
- Feet flat on floor and directed forward
- Arms are at the side with palms turned forward
Other terms:
- Prone pos.: body lying face down
- Supine pos.: body lying face up
Names of Body Regions
- Head/Cephalic (skull and face)
- Neck/Cervical
- Trunk (chest, abdomen, pelvis)
- Upper Limb (Shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand)
- Lower Limb (buttocks, thigh, leg, ankle, foot)
Directional Terms:
- Superior (cephalic/cranial)
Defn: Towards the head, or the upper part of the structure
ex: Heart is superior to the liver
(Opposite on Inferior)
Directional Terms:
- Inferior (caudal)
Def’n: Away from the head lower part of the structure
ex: Stomach is inferior to the lungs
(Opposite of superior)
Directional Terms:
- Anterior (ventral)
Def’n: Nearer to or at the front of the body
ex: Sternum(breastbone) is anterior to the heart
(Opposite to posterior)
Directional Terms:
- Posterior (dorsal)
Def’n: Nearer to or at the back of the body
ex: Esophagus is posterior to the trachea (windpipe)
(Opposite to anterior)
Directional Terms:
- Medial
Def’n: Nearer to the midline or midsagitttal plane
ex: Ulna is medial to the radius
(Opposite to lateral)
Directional Terms:
- Lateral
Def’n: Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane
ex: Lungs are lateral to the heart
(Opposite to medial)
Directional Terms:
- Intermediate
Def’n: Between two structures
ex: transverse colon is intermediate between the ascending and descending colons
Directional Terms:
- Ipsilateral
Def’n: On the same side of the body as another structure
ex: Gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral
(Opposite to contralateral)
Directional Terms:
- Contralateral
Def’n: On the opposite side of the body form another structure
ex: Ascending and descending colons are contralateral
(Opposite to Ipsilateral)
Directional Terms:
- Proximal
Def’n: Nearer to the point of origin/beginning
ex: Humerus is proximal to the radius
(Opposite to distal)
Directional Terms:
- Distal
Def’n: Farther from the point of origin/beginning
ex: Phalanges are distal to the radius
(Opposite to proximal)
Directional Terms:
- Superficial (external)
Def’n: Towards the surface of the body
ex: Ribs are superficial to the lungs
(Opposite to deep)
Directional Terms:
- Deep (internal)
Def’n: Away from the surface of the body
ex: Ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back
(Opposite to superficial)
4 Major planes of the body?
1) Sagittal Plane - Vertical plane dividing left and right
1. a) Midsagittal Plane - midline that divides body/organ to equal parts
1. b) Parasagittal Plane - Divides midline unequal parts
2) Frontal(Coronal) Plane - divides into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions
3) Transverse Plane - divides into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) portions
4) Oblique Plane - Passes through an angle between the transverse and frontal plane or transverse and sagittal plane
What cavities of the body does the diaphragm separate?
- Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity
