Week 1: Anatomy & Physiology Slides

Question 1

Define: Anatomy

Answer 1

• Form and structure

Eg. Heart – 4 chambers

Question 2

Define: Physiology

Answer 2

• Function (how it works)

eg. cardiac muscle, “pacemaker”

Question 3

***Define: Metabolism

Answer 3

• The sum total of all the cells chemical reactions in the body (cells)
• Enables us to acquire and use energy for all life processes

Question 4

Define: Homeostasis

Answer 4

• The condition of a constant stable internal environment
• Maintenance of relatively stable conditions (textbook)
• Ensures that the body’s internal environment remains constant despite changes inside and outside of the body
  ex: temperature, blood pressure, blood sugar levels

Question 5

What are the levels of organization of the body? (6)

Answer 5

1) Chemical level
2) Cellular Level
3) Tissue Level
4) Organ Level
5) System Level
6) Organism Level

(C.C.T.O.S.O)

Question 6

Levels of Organization:

- Chemical Level

Answer 6

• Includes atoms and molecules
• Atoms: the smallest units of matter that participate in chemical reactions
• Molecules: two or more atoms joined together

Question 7

Levels of Organization:

- Cellular Level

Answer 7

• Cells: the basic structural and functional units of an organism

Question 8

Levels of Organization:

- Tissue Level

Answer 8

• Tissues: groups of cells and the materials surrounding them that work together to perform a particular function
• 4 types of tissues:
  1) Epithelial
  2) Connective
  3) Muscular
  4) Nervous

Question 9

Levels of Organization:

- Organ Level

Answer 9

• Organs: composed of 2 or more different types of tissues and have specific functions

Question 10

Levels of Organization:

- System Level

Answer 10

• System: consists of related organs that have a common function

Question 11

Levels of Organization:

- Organism Level

Answer 11

• Largest level of organization

- Organism: all of the systems of the body combine

Question 12

What is the anatomical position?

Answer 12

• Standing erect facing forward
• Feet flat on floor and directed forward
• Arms are at the side with palms turned forward

Other terms:

• Prone pos.: body lying face down
• Supine pos.: body lying face up

Question 13

Names of Body Regions

Answer 13

• Head/Cephalic (skull and face)
• Neck/Cervical
• Trunk (chest, abdomen, pelvis)
• Upper Limb (Shoulder, armpit, arm, forearm, wrist, hand)
• Lower Limb (buttocks, thigh, leg, ankle, foot)

Question 14

Directional Terms:

- Superior (cephalic/cranial)

Answer 14

Defn: Towards the head, or the upper part of the structure

ex: Heart is superior to the liver

(Opposite on Inferior)

Question 15

Directional Terms:

- Inferior (caudal)

Answer 15

Def’n: Away from the head lower part of the structure

ex: Stomach is inferior to the lungs

(Opposite of superior)

Question 16

Directional Terms:

- Anterior (ventral)

Answer 16

Def’n: Nearer to or at the front of the body

ex: Sternum(breastbone) is anterior to the heart

(Opposite to posterior)

Question 17

Directional Terms:

- Posterior (dorsal)

Answer 17

Def’n: Nearer to or at the back of the body

ex: Esophagus is posterior to the trachea (windpipe)

(Opposite to anterior)

Question 18

Directional Terms:

- Medial

Answer 18

Def’n: Nearer to the midline or midsagitttal plane

ex: Ulna is medial to the radius

(Opposite to lateral)

Question 19

Directional Terms:

- Lateral

Answer 19

Def’n: Farther from the midline or midsagittal plane

ex: Lungs are lateral to the heart

(Opposite to medial)

Question 20

Directional Terms:

- Intermediate

Answer 20

Def’n: Between two structures

ex: transverse colon is intermediate between the ascending and descending colons

Question 21

Directional Terms:

- Ipsilateral

Answer 21

Def’n: On the same side of the body as another structure

ex: Gallbladder and ascending colon are ipsilateral

(Opposite to contralateral)

Question 22

Directional Terms:

- Contralateral

Answer 22

Def’n: On the opposite side of the body form another structure

ex: Ascending and descending colons are contralateral

(Opposite to Ipsilateral)

Question 23

Directional Terms:

- Proximal

Answer 23

Def’n: Nearer to the point of origin/beginning

ex: Humerus is proximal to the radius

(Opposite to distal)

Question 24

Directional Terms:

- Distal

Answer 24

Def’n: Farther from the point of origin/beginning

ex: Phalanges are distal to the radius

(Opposite to proximal)

Question 25

Directional Terms:

- Superficial (external)

Answer 25

Def’n: Towards the surface of the body

ex: Ribs are superficial to the lungs

(Opposite to deep)

Question 26

Directional Terms:

- Deep (internal)

Answer 26

Def’n: Away from the surface of the body

ex: Ribs are deep to the skin of the chest and back

(Opposite to superficial)

Question 27

4 Major planes of the body?

Answer 27

1) Sagittal Plane - Vertical plane dividing left and right
1. a) Midsagittal Plane - midline that divides body/organ to equal parts
1. b) Parasagittal Plane - Divides midline unequal parts

2) Frontal(Coronal) Plane - divides into anterior(front) and posterior(back) portions
3) Transverse Plane - divides into superior(upper) and inferior(lower) portions
4) Oblique Plane - Passes through an angle between the transverse and frontal plane or transverse and sagittal plane

Question 28

What cavities of the body does the diaphragm separate?

Answer 28

• Separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity