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Ophthalmology > week 1 anatomy > Flashcards

week 1 anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

what bones make up the bony orbit?

A

frontal, zygomatic, sphenoid, ethmoid, lacrimal, maxilla

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2
Q

which two bones of the bony orbit have orbital plates?

A

frontal and ethmoid

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3
Q

on which bone is the optic canal/apex and the superior orbital fissure?

A

sphenoid

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4
Q

on which bone would you find the supraorbital notch/foramen?

on which bone would you find the infraorbital foramen?

A

frontal

maxilla

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5
Q

the orbital rim is made up from 4 orbital margins, what are they?

A

superior, inferior, medial and lateral orbital margins

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6
Q

what makes up the orbital margins?

A

Superior margin: frontal bone and sphenoid
Inferior margin: maxillary bone, palatine and zygomatic
Medial margin: ethmoid, lacrimal bone, sphenoid (body of) and maxilla
Lateral margin: zygomatic and sphenoid (greater wing)

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7
Q

what is affected by an orbital blowout #? why?

A

medial wall and orbital floor

as they are extremely thin and orbital rim is strong

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8
Q

what will a # zygoma cause?

A

fractured zygoma tends to rotate medially towards the floor of the orbit

the suspensory ligament of the eye attaches to the zygoma laterally
the eye may be lowered towards the orbital floor
DIPLOPIA (double vision) may result

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9
Q

WHAT IS THE MAIN MUSCLE MAKING Up THE EYELID (external)? what are its parts?

A

orbicularis oculi

orbital & palpebral parts

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10
Q

what nerve supplies the orbicularis oculi?

A

CNVII - facial

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11
Q

what does the orbital septum do? how?

A

helps prevent spread of infection from superficial to deep

sheet of fascia continuous with periosteum

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12
Q

what is responsible for lifting the eyelid?

A

tendon of levator palpebrae superioris/ LPS

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13
Q

what covers the iris?

what covers the sclera?

A 
cornea
conjunctiva (defensive barrier preventing foreign bodies penetrating deep to it into the orbit)
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14
Q

what is the limbus

or corneoscleral junction?

A

point where iris and sclera meet

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15
Q

explain how the lacrimal apparatus works

A

lacrimal gland produces lacrimal fluid (parasympathetic CN VII) → wash over eye lateral to medial→ drains through lacrimal puncta→eventually reaches inferior meatus

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16
Q

what are the 3 layers of the eye?

A

outer/fiberous layer
uvea/vascular layer
retina/photosensitive layer

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17
Q

what are the parts of the fiberous layer of the eye

A

sclera – muscle attachment

cornea – 2/3 of refractive power

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18
Q

what are the parts of the uvea

A

iris – pupil diameter
ciliary body – controls iris, shape of lens and secretion of aqueous humour
choroid – nutrition and gas exchange

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19
Q

what are the parts of the retina

A

many parts [3 to learn = optic disc, macula, fovea]

20
Q

what are the segments and chambers of the eye?

A

Anterior and posterior Segments and chambers

21
Q

describe the anterior segment of the eye

A 
Anterior Segment:
in front of lens
divided into chambers
anterior chamber
between cornea and iris
contains aqueous humour
posterior chamber
between iris and suspensory ligaments
contains aqueous humour
22
Q

describe the posterior segment of the eye

A 
Posterior Segment:
behind lens
2/3rds of eye
contains vitreous body
vitreous humour
vitreous body common location for ‘floaters’
23
Q

what is the definition for a cataract? what types can you get?

A

clouding of the lens [the iridocorneal angle is the angle in “open-angle” & “closed-angle” glaucoma]

24
Q

describe the circulation of aqueous

A
  1. Ciliary body
    smooth muscle and blood vessels
    ciliary processes secrete aqueous
  2. Aqueous circulates
    within posterior chamber
    nourishes lens
  3. Aqueous then passes through pupil
    into anterior chamber
    nourishes cornea
  4. Aqueous reabsorbed
    into scleral venous sinus (Canal of Schlemm)
    at iridocorneal angle
25
Q

what causes raised IOP? what can occur?

A

overproduction/not good removal of aqueous

raised intra-ocular pressure can cause ischaemia of the retina and glaucoma

26
Q

what is the blood supply to the eye?

A

internal carotid→through carotid canal→ ophthalmic artery

→ciliary arteries (red eye in photos)*
→forehead/scalp arteries
→central artery of retina passes into optic nerve (end artery - no anastomoses)***
→nasal cavity branches

27
Q

venous drainage of the eye

A

central vein = only vein drawing retina
superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain facial nerve (orbit) and forehand vein, the inferior opthamic vein drains into superior, superior drains into cavernous sinus

28
Q

what is the danger triangle of the face?

A

upper lip/external nose, infection can travel back (venously) to cavernous sinus via the superior orbital fissure - meningitis and direct into cranial cavity

29
Q

how is the retina examined?

A

fundoscopy

30
Q

key parts of the retina

A

Optic disc=
point of CN II formation
only point of entry/exit for blood vessels and axons of CN II, creates Blind Spot (as no cones/photoreceptors)

Macula=
greatest density of cones

Fovea=
centre of the macula
depression, 1.5mm diameter
area of most acute vision

31
Q

what are cones and rods?

A

Rods - sensitive to low levels of light
- night vision / peripheral vision
Cones - detailed vision (acuity)
- colour vision

32
Q

describe the layers of the retina

A

posterior to anterior -

photoreceptors, ganglion cells, axons of ganglia cells forming optic nerve (retinal arteries and veins lie anterior to retina)

33
Q

what happens if there is complete interruption of flow to rental artery branch/vein? central artery/vein (end artery)?

A

loss of an area of visual field corresponding to the area of ischaemia

monocular blindness

34
Q

learn the visual pathway

A

The axons in the visual pathway maintain specific spatial relationships to each other:
light from objects in the right visual field is processed by the left primary visual cortex
light from objects in the lower visual field is processed by the upper part of the primary visual cortex

see slide 19/38

35
Q

what are the 7 extraocular muscles?

A 
4 rectus muscles= 
superior rectus
inferior rectus
medial rectus
lateral rectus

2 oblique muscles=
superior oblique
inferior oblique

(insert onto sclera)

1 levator palpebrae superioris (lifts upper eyelid)

36
Q

where do the rectus Extraocular/EO Muscles originate from?

A

all originate from common tendinous ring

37
Q

which EO muscles are innervated by what? good way to remember?

A 
Lateral Rectus – 
CN VI (abducent nerve)
Superior Oblique –    
CN IV (trochlear nerve)
All Others –  
CN III (oculomotor nerve)

LR6 SO4 AO3

38
Q

what does lateral rectus do? nerve?

A

can only abduct eyeball

CN VI (Abducent)

39
Q

what does superior rectus do? nerve?

A

when in abduction, SR can only elevate

CN III (Oculomotor)

40
Q

what does inferior rectus do? nerve?

A

when in abduction, IR can only depress

CN III (Oculomotor)

41
Q

what does medial recuts do? nerve?

A

can only adduct eyeball

CN III (Oculomotor

42
Q

what does inferior oblique do ? nerve?

A

when in adduction, IO can only elevate

CN III (Oculomotor)

43
Q

what does superior oblique do? nerve?

A

when in adduction, SO can only depress

CN IV (Trochlear)

44
Q

clinical testing eye movements, was

A
  • synergists and antagonists

- yolk

45
Q

what are the eye movements?

A

abduction; adduction; elevation; depression; intorsion; extorsion

Ophthalmology (17 decks)

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