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PHTY300 > Week 1 (A) > Flashcards

Week 1 (A) Flashcards

1
Q

What is a normal pH?

A

7.38-7.42

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2
Q

What is a normal PaCO2?

A

35-45

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3
Q

What is a normal Pa02?

A

80-100

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4
Q

What is a normal BE?

A

+/- 3

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5
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Body always trying to correct itself

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6
Q

What is a high pH?

A

alkolaemia

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7
Q

What is a low pH?

A

acidaemia

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8
Q

If someone has high pH and low PaC02

A

Respiratory Alkalosis (uncompensated)

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9
Q

If someone has high pH and high HC03

A

Metabolic alkalosis (uncompensated)

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10
Q

If someone has low pH and high PaC02

A

Respiratory acidosis (uncompensated)

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11
Q

If someone has low pH and low HC03

A

Metabolic acidosis (uncompensated)

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12
Q

What is respiratory acidosis?

A

PaCO2 > 42

  • Decreased gas movement overall
  • Low tidal volume without increased RR
  • Low RR without increased tidal volume
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13
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of respiratory acidosis?

A

Cerebral vasodilation and increased ICP
Drowsiness/confusion
Headache
Unsteady/falls

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14
Q

What is a condition that may present with respiratory acidosis?

A

COPD > gas trapping. Someone who has low tidal volume

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15
Q

What is a metabolic acidosis and how may get it

A

HC03 <22

Diabetoc ketoacidosis
Methanol poisoning
Lactic acidosis (eg post marathon)
Starvation
Renal failure
Severe diarrhoea
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16
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of metabolic acidosis?

A

Cardiac arrythmias, decreased contractility
Hyperventilation
Confusion, drowsiness
decreased renal blood flow

17
Q

What is respiratory alkalosis?

A 
PaC02 < 38
Hyperventilation (blowing off too much C02)
- Anxiety
- Pain
- Acute (severe) hypoxaemia
- sepsis
18
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of respiratory alkalosis

A

Tingling lips, fingers
Cerebral vasoconstriction - dizziness, fainting
Arrhythmias

19
Q

What is a metabolic alkalosis

A 
HC03 > 26
Acid loss ( or bicarbonate gain)

GI: vomiting, nasogastric suction

Renal: metabolic syndromes, drugs ( invluding over diuresis) NOT renal failure

20
Q

Signs and symptoms of metabolic alkalosis

A

Muscle cramps, weakness
decreased minute ventilation (decreased RR +/- tidal volume)
Arrythmias

21
Q

What is complete compensation?

A

When the system is able to offset the change in the other and pH is restored to within normal limits

22
Q

Why does compensation occur?

A

The body tries to restore pH equilibrium as it is essential for healthy function

23
Q

How does metabolic compensation occur?

A

The metabolic system (renal) compensates by excreting or reabsorbing more bicarbonate HC03- to buffer H + ions… this response takes 3-5 days to occur

24
Q

How does respiratory compensation occur?

A

The respiratory system compensates by altering rate and depth of breathing (hypervetiation or hypoventilation) it can do this quickly - within minutes or hours?

25
Q

What if the PaC02 and HCO3- are outside the normal range?

A

When one system has begun to offset the change in the other system but it is not sufficient enough to return the pH to within normal limits = uncompensated

26
Q

What is the Pa02?

A

Arterial partial pressure of oxygen

27
Q

What is Sa02?

A

arterial haemoglobin saturation of oxygen

28
Q

What is Sp02

A

haemoglobin saturation of oxygen measured with pulse oximetry (surrogate for Sa02?)

29
Q

What is the oxygenation index?

A

P/F ratio

Pa02/F102

30
Q

What is the A-a gradient

A

alveolar-arterial gradient

Measure of the difference between the alveloar concentration of oxygen and the arterial concentration of oxygen
allows you to see where the problem is (ventilation or perfusion) and compare Pa02 values where F102 differs

31
Q

What are some factors that affect oxygenation?

A 
02 cncentration
Barometric pressure (Usuall Patmos)
Age (take off 1 mmHg per year >60)
PaC02
Pathogies
32
Q

General rule for expected Pa02

A

[02]% X 5

21X 5 =105

33
Q

What is the normal oxygenation index

A

> 400

34
Q

What is the oxygenation index for acute lung injury?

A

<300

35
Q

What is oxygenation for acute respiratory distress syndrome?

A

< 200

36
Q

What does an oxygenation index of < 200 indicate

A

acute respiratory distress syndrome

37
Q

What does an oxygenation index of <300 indicate?

A

acute lung injury

38
Q

What does an oxygenation index of >400

A

normal

39
Q

What us the normal value for Aa gradient

A

Normal values vary with age but usual normal range 5-15

PHTY300 (14 decks)

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