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Business Information Systems > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is Data

A
  • Raw Facts
  • Represent values of qualitative or quantitative variables
  • Often observed and recorded
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2
Q

How is Data collected?

A

Through observations (subjective)

Through recordings (objective, measured)

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3
Q

Does Data on its own have meaning?

A

No, unprocessed Data has no meaning

Data must be processed into a useable form that can be understood by the information consumers

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4
Q

How does Data serve in an information system?

A

It serves as inputs to information

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5
Q

Five Characteristics of Data Quality

A
  1. Relevance
  2. Frequency
  3. Timeliness
  4. Accuracy
  5. Privacy
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6
Q

Data Quality Characteristics: Relevance of Data

A

What data to collect

Unrelated data are NOT needed, wastage of investment and causes information overload

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7
Q

Data Quality Characteristics: Frequency of Data

A

How often to collect data?

i.e. weather models

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8
Q

Data Quality Characteristics: Timeliness

A

When to collect data?

i.e. share price, especially when data is needed in real time

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9
Q

Data Quality Characteristics: Accuracy

A

Precision of Data?

i.e. speed camera malfunction triggers issuing fines, law suits from citizens

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10
Q

Data Quality Characteristics : Privacy

A

Protection from unauthorised access/use

Outsourced company employees cannot access financial health related data

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11
Q

Cost of Data

A

DATA IS NOT FREE

Costs involved in collecting and ensuring data quality through five characteristics

Value generated from data justifies its costs of collection?

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12
Q

Information

A

Information is the Output of processed data that carries meaning for the information consumers

Allows individuals to make decisions (AI too nowadays)

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13
Q

How is information created?

A

Through analysing or processing data

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14
Q

How is data processed?

A

Manually (human intelligence)

IT enabled Information Systems

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15
Q

Relationship between Data, Information & Knowledge

A

Data -> Information -> Knowledge

Data is processed within a context to give information (understandable meaning)

Knowledge is sought to question meanings of information received from processing data

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16
Q

Knowledge

A
  • Produces insights

- Helps improve understanding relationship between pieces of information

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17
Q

Information Overload (Infobesity)

A

Too much information will reduce the quality of decision making (too much noise)

Why?

  1. Overgeneralization
  2. Selective of information that confirms previous point of view/ experience
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18
Q

3 Issues with Data & Information

A
  1. Information Overload
  2. Information not produced for management decision making
  3. Decisions driven by power and politics instead of information
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19
Q

6 Interesting Characteristics of Information (Economics)

A
  1. High production costs (collect and process)
  2. Negligible replication costs (copy to USB)
  3. Little distribution costs (networks infrastructure)
  4. Sunk Costs (cost for researching, rent, payroll, advertising)
  5. Information & carrier of information are different (CD vs information)
  6. Not consumed by use
20
Q

Sunk cost

A

Cost that has already been spent but not recoverable in any case and future business decisions should not be affected by past spent

21
Q

Positive Impacts of BIS on Business

A
  1. Information is customisable (can modify information products)
  2. Information is often time valued (value of information tied to users ability to access and use it when NEEDED) i.e. share price
  3. Information products can achieve significant profits (low replication and distribution costs i.e. Microsoft Office)
22
Q

Business Information Systems

A

Systems intergrating

IT
PEOPLE
BUSINESS

Brings business functions and information modules => effective communication> = timely and accurate decision = productivity and competitiveness

23
Q

4 Components of BIS

A

Structure
Technology
People
Process

24
Q

Technical sub system (BIS)

A

NO human elements

Technology
Process

25
Q

Social sub system

A

People

Structure

26
Q

What must a business manager understand about the components of BIS

A

Understand the interaction between

Structure
Technology
People
Process

All four must work together

27
Q

Components of BIS: IT

A

Technical component

  • Hardware (computer)
  • Software (Microsoft office)
  • Telecommunication equipment (router)

Can be designed to

  • enable action OR
  • disable action (limited geography -> ERP systems USA cannot be used in China)
28
Q

Components of BIS: Process

A

A series of steps necessary to complete a business activity i.e. hotel check in

Process can be formal or informal

Gaps between formal and information process - > users seek short-cuts for convenience

29
Q

Potential discrepancy

A

Discrepancy between business processes as designed by organizations and the manner of which they are actually enacted may facilitate BIS failure from user perspective

30
Q

Components of BIS : People

A

People component (individuals and groups)

Stakeholders, end users, managers or IT professionals

Have own set of skills, attitudes and personal agendas

Must understand peoples skills, interest and motiviations when designing/implementing IT based IS

31
Q

What happens to a BIS when some groups (people) are not happy with the system?

A

The BIS may be under utilised or sabotaged

32
Q

Components of BIS: Structure

A 
Organisational design
Reporting mechanisms (functional, matrix)
33
Q

Why understanding of structure component of a BIS is crucial

A
  • Introduction of IT systems may bring changes in organisational structures
  • Some people may lose authority
  • User resistance is likely to occur
  • Adequate and appropriate trainings are needed to minimise resistance
34
Q

Systemic Effects of the BIS

A

Interdependence of the components of the BIS

changes in one component affect other components of an IS

35
Q

Components of BIS (Schematics)

A

social technical

Structure Technology
| X |
People Process

36
Q

Organisational Impact of BIS

A

Business Process
People
Organisational hierarchy / structure
Business Performance

37
Q

BIS Impact - Business Process Improvement

A
  1. Attempts to make small changes in processes
  2. Changes made over time
  3. Automate (manual to auto) and informate (to dispense information)
  4. Less risky
38
Q

BIS Impact - Business Process Reengineering

A
  1. Radical changes
  2. Changes are generally made in one attempt
  3. Transformational changes
  4. Risky and can fail
39
Q

BIS Impact - People

A

Efficiency

  • Reduce time and resources in task completion- -Prompt decision making
  • Remove repetitive tasks

Effectiveness

  • Improve quality of decision making
  • Access to more diverse, accurate and timely information
  • Improved relationship between managers of various departments
40
Q

BIS Impact - Structure

A

Empowers employees with BIS enabled decision making

Reduces layers of management hierarchy

41
Q

BIS Impact - Business Performance

A

Strategic impact
Measures contribution of BIS towards meeting an organisations strategic objectives

However, flaws in BIS can negatively affect share price

42
Q

Unintended Impact of BIS

A
  • Deskillling (waitress replaced by robots
  • Loss of Authority (structure)
  • Monotonous working environment
43
Q

Organisational Changes from BIS

A

First order change (automate)

Second order change (informate)

Third order change (transform)

44
Q

Automate (First Order)

A

Simple changes (technical sub-system)
Changes to HOW process is performed
Scope is narrow
Limited senior management involvement

45
Q

Informate

Second Order

A

Affects social and technical sub systems (Technology + People + Process)

The manner in which people interact with technology and process are modified (mainly on people)

46
Q

Transform (Third Order)

A

Occur in all components of BIS

Disrupt organizational structure

Business Information Systems (3 decks)

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