Week 1 Flashcards
What term is used to describe dyspnea strongly associated with bronchospasm/asthma
“Chest tightness”
[1/25/21 CM]
What concept refers to a mismatch between the strength of the signal sent out by the respiratory complex and the subsequent mechanical output of the respiratory system?
Neuro-mechanical uncoupling; this can lead to dyspnea
“Increased load on the respiratory system (either resistive of elastic loads) and/or decreased strength (hyperinflation, neuromuscular disease) will cause dyspnea”
[1/25/21 CM]
What class of drugs play an important role in alleviation of dyspnea for patients with end-stage cardiopulmonary disease
Opioids
[1/25/21 CM]
What are the 3 most common causes of a chronic cough?
- Asthma
- gastroesophageal reflux disease
- upper airway cough syndrome (post-nasal drip)
[1/25/21 CM]
What are 4 important questions to ask in evaluation of a cough?
- Acute or chronic
- presence/absence of alarm symptoms
- co-morbid conditions
- environment and meds
[1/25/21 CM]
What are the two factors that contribute to elastic recoil of the lung?
- Tissue Elastance
- Surface Tension
[1/26/21 SM146]
What causes hysteresis?
greater concentration of surfactant at the alveolar surface and resulting lower surface tension during expiration
[1/26/21 SM146]
What determines FRC?
the balance between the elastic recoil of the lung and chest wall
FRC is the point where: recoil force of the lung=force of chest wall wanting to expand out
[1/26/21 SM 146-148]
What marks the end of conducting zones?
Respiratory bronchioles (conducting zone=no gas exchange taking place)
[1/26/21 SM145]
Which zones of the lung are respiratory zones?
respiratory bronchi, alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs
[1/26/21 SM145]
Pulmonary veins and lymphatics are _lobular, pulmonary artery and airway branches are _lobular.
Pulmonary veins and lymphatics are interlobular, pulmonary artery and airway branches are intralobular.
Kerly B lines are dilated interlobular lymphatics seen on a chest x-ray in heart failure. These interlobular areas can also be prominent with lymphatic obstruction caused by cancer cells
[1/26/21 SM145]
How does V/Q change in regions of the lungs?
- Both ventilation (V) and perfusion (Q) are greater at lung base than apex
- Perfusion (Q) differences much larger
- Therefore, V/Q is greater at apex
[1/27/21 SM148]
For any given flow rate, a greater airways resistance will require a more [positive or negative?] alveolar pressure
For any given flow rate, a greater airways resistance will require a more negative alveolar pressure
[1/27/21 SM148]
What part of the flow-volume loop is effort independent?
(see image below)
Effort independence: maximum flow that can be generated at any given lung volume decreases as lung volume decreases due to compression of the airways.
Therefore, maximum air flow is dependent on lung volume and independent of expiratory effort
[1/27/21 SM148]
What is anatomic dead space volume?
Inhaled gas that sits in the conducting airways and never makes it down to alveolar capillary units.
~150 mLs in a 70kg individual
[1/27/21 SM149]
For any given minute ventilation, a (rapid shallow or slow deep?) breathing pattern will increase alveolar ventilation compared to one which achieves that same minute ventilation through (rapid shallow or slow deep?) breathing
For any given minute ventilation, a slow deep breathing pattern will increase alveolar ventilation compared to one which achieves that same minute ventilation through rapid shallow breathing
[1/27/21 SM149]
What refers to the idea that you need contrast in tissue density between two adjacent structures on a CXR to tell them apart?
Silhouette sign for chest x-rays
[1/28/21 SM152]
What is the flow rate equation?
max exp flow=Pel/Rus (see image below)
[1/29/21 SM155-56]
You {can/cannot?} assume a PaCO2 from a respiratory rate
You cannot assume a PaCO2 from a respiratory rate
[1/29/21 SM157]
What are the 3 major determinants of PaCO2?
- CO2 production
- minute ventilation
- dead space to tidal volume ratio
[1/29/21 SM157]
