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MTM > WEEK 1 > Flashcards

WEEK 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between a prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell?

A

Prokaryotes don’t have membrane-bound organelles, Eukaryotes do (eg. nucleus)

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2
Q

Is an animal cell a prokaryotic or eukaryotic cell?

A

Eukaryotic

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3
Q

What are the organelles of an animal cell?

A

Nucleus (nuclear envelope, nuclear pore, chromatin and nucleolus), ribosomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, cytoplasm, golgi complex, SER and RER, plasma membrane, microfilaments and microtubules

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4
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

contains nucleic acids and DNA (made of genes which code for protein synthesis, wrapped around histones to form chromatin), surrounded by nuclear envelope with nuclear pores, surrounded by RER, nucleolus at centre of nucleus-produces mRNA, rest of nucleus made of nucleoplasm

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5
Q

Describe the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

has ribosomes on it, involved in protein synthesis

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6
Q

Describe the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

hasn’t got ribosomes on it, involved in lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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7
Q

Describe the golgi body

A

modifies and packages proteins into vesicles for transport, digestive enzymes placed into lysosomes (vesicles w/ membranes around them)

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8
Q

Describe mitochondria

A

site of respiration, releases energy, produces ATP (universal energy carrier molecule). has a double membrane, inner membrane folded into cristae (increases SA for enzymes of respiration) separating mitochondrial matrix from intermembrane space

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9
Q

What is the role of ribosomes?

A

Site of protein synthesis

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10
Q

What are the functions of lysosomes and peroxisomes?

A

Digestion and recycling of components that need to be broken down in the cell

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11
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

the area of cytoplasm not occupied by organelles. water-based solution in which organelles, proteins and other cell structures float

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12
Q

What is the proteoplasm?

A

everything included within the cell membrane (nucleoplasm and cytoplasm)

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13
Q

What is the cytoplasm?

A

everything included within the cell membrane excluding the nucleus (cytosol and organelles)

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14
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

the process of taking material into the cell by means of pockets in the membrane

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15
Q

What are two types of endocytosis?

A

Phagocytosis and pinocytosis

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16
Q

What is phagocytosis?

A

type of endocytosis in which large particles are taken in by the cell

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17
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

type of endocytosis in which certain cells can engulf and incorporate fluid droplets

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18
Q

What is exocytosis?

A

the removal of large amounts of materials from the cell

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19
Q

What is the primary protein structure?

A

sequence of amino acids held by covalent peptide bonds, polypeptide chain w/ projecting side chains that may be: +vely/-vely charged, polar (hydrophilic)/non-polar (hydrophobic)

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20
Q

What is the secondary protein structure?

A

alpha-helix/beta-pleated sheets held by non-covalent H bonds/electrostatic interactions/van der Waal’s forces

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21
Q

What is the tertiary protein structure?

A

folding into 3D conformation requiring least energy (+ve/+ve or polar/polar not next to each other), due to H/ionic bonds/disulfide bridges)

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22
Q

What is the quaternary protein structure?

A

complex of more than one polypeptide chain

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23
Q

How is the overall protein form related to function?

A

Whether the protein is fibrous/globular

24
Q

Characteristics and examples of fibrous protein

A

long and narrow with structural functions, insoluble in water (eg. collagen, keratin, myosin)

25
Q

Characteristics and examples of globular protein

A

round/spherical with functional processes, soluble in water (eg. enzymes, haemoglobin, insulin, antibodies)

26
Q

What are the general functions of proteins?

A

binding (eg. ligands and receptors)
catalysis (eg. enzymes)
switching (eg. signalling pathways)
structural (eg. cytoskeletal elements)

27
Q

What are the four processes involved in regulation of protein function?

A

Synthesis (is it present?-gene expression)
Localisation (is it where it needs to be?)
Modification (is it active?)
Degradation (is it needed anymore?)

28
Q

What do the functions of many proteins rely on?

A

Dynamic confirmation that can shift (eg. enzyme activation)

29
Q

What is protein localisation in the cell?

A

Proteins directed by sorting signals to the correct site in the cell via transporters located in the membrane

30
Q

What is constitutive secretion?

A

Transport of proteins from one compartment to another via transport vesicles

31
Q

What is regulated secretion?

A

Secretory vesicles store proteins and receive an extracellular signal to fuse with membrane and release contents

32
Q

Where and how does most protein modification take place?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, includes phosphorylation/glycosylation/methylation

33
Q

What is the most common method of protein control?

A

Phosphorylation-phosphate group attached covalently to AA side chains to activate/inhibit proteins
Induces a confirmation change in protein
(Protein kinase catalyst, Protein phosphatase catalyses dephosphorylation)

34
Q

Describe the process of growth factor signalling

A

membrane receptor activation leads to dimerisation and phosphorylation, adapter protein binds to phosphorylated receptor in cytoplasm, Ras (G-protein) binds to adaptor, signalling cascade

35
Q

How can mutations affect protein function?

A

Insertions/deletions/substitutions/translocations in DNA can change AA sequence, altering secondary and tertiary structure, altering function

36
Q

Example of mutation causing altered protein function

A

Cystic Fibrosis-mutated membrane protein (CFTR) due to F508del mutation, causes incorrect folding, causing retention and degradation in ER

37
Q

What is the unfolded protein response?

A

Homeostatic response to keep a cell’s folding capacity in balance with its needs, an imbalance in this process leads to ER stress and increased unfolded proteins inhibiting translation and leading to cell death

38
Q

What is the cell membrane composed of?

A

Phospholipid bilayer-phosphate head (hydrophilic), glycerol and two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic) x2

39
Q

What is the fluid mosaic model for membrane structure?

A

The idea that proteins move within the membrane to come together for functional activity

40
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?

A

Saturated have no carbon carbon doubles bonds in R group whereas unsaturated do

41
Q

What is the role of cholesterol in membranes?

A

Intercalated between membrane phospholipids and regulates fluidity by adding rigidity

42
Q

Structure of cholesterol

A

Polar head group-rigid planar steroid ring structure-non-polar hydrocarbon tail

43
Q

What are the benefits of biological membranes being fluid structures?

A

allows signalling lipids and membrane proteins to rapidly diffuse in lateral plane and interact with one-another
allows membranes to fuse with other membranes
ensures membranes are equally shared between daughter cells following cell division

44
Q

Give the six membrane protein functions

A 
Transport
Enzymatic action
Signal transduction
Cell-cell recognition
Intercellular joining
Attachment to cytoskeleton and ECM
45
Q

Give four types of transmembrane proteins

A

transporters->Na+ pump
anchors->integrins, link ICM to actin
receptors->bind ligands and cause intracellular signals
signal transduction molecules->pass on and amplify signals

46
Q

What are the two types of transport across membranes?

A

Active-requires ATP

Passive-no energy input required

47
Q

What are the two types of passive transport?

A

Simple diffusion

Facilitated diffusion

48
Q

What is simple diffusion?

A

diffusion of small, uncharged/hydrophobic molecules across the phospholipid bilayer, driven by conc. gradient

49
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

diffusion of molecules via membrane proteins, driven by conc. gradient

50
Q

What are the two classes of facilitated diffusion?

A

Channel and uniporter carrier proteins

51
Q

What are channel proteins?

A

Membrane proteins that form hydrophilic pores in the plasma membrane, most non-directional and fast

52
Q

What are uniporter carrier proteins?

A

Membrane protein with a binding site that only specific molecule to be transported can bind to

53
Q

What are the two forces that compose the net driving force of a charged solute across a membrane?

A

Electrochemical gradient-concentration (chemical) gradient and voltage across the membrane (electrical force)

54
Q

What is active transport?

A

Movement of solutes against concentration gradient, requiring ATP

55
Q

What is the purpose of the Na+/K+ pump?

A

maintain electrochemical gradient of Na+ and K+

56
Q

What is the process of the Na+/K+ pump?

A

3Na+ bind to pump catalytic subunit, ATP hydrolysis causes phosphorylation of catalytic subunit, conformational change, delivers 3NA+ to exterior and allows 2K+ to bind, dephosphorylation of catalytic subunit, return to original conformation, delivers 2K+ to interior

57
Q

What are the three ways cells carry out active transport?

A

Coupled transporters (symport-both solutes in same direction, antiport-solutes move in opposing direction)-Secondary active transport
ATP-driven pumps (requires ATP hydrolysis)-Primary active transport
Light-driven pumps (requires input of light energy)

MTM (7 decks)

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