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Pharm Fall 2020 > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Agonist

A

Activates receptor(s)

produces same as bod’s internal response – meds that bind to or mimic receptor activity that endogenous compounds imitate (morphine)

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2
Q

What is a drug?

A

Any chemical that can affect a living process

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3
Q

What is pharmacology?

A

the study of drugs and their interactions with living systems

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4
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A
  1. Effect body has on drugs

2. How the body MOVES the drug around

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5
Q

Mechanisms of absorption

A
  1. passive diffusion
  2. facilitated diffusion
  3. active transport
  4. pinocytoses/phagocytoses
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6
Q

Where does most of absorption happen?

A

In the intestines and stomach

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7
Q

What is the most popular method of absorption?

A

80% PO, SL, and PR

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8
Q

What is absorption?

A

How the drug gets into the body

movement of a drug from site of administration into the blood (generally mouth –> stomach –> GI tract)

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9
Q

What is distribution?

A

where the drug goes to in the body

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10
Q

What is metabolism?

A

how the body chemically modifies the drug

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11
Q

What is excretion?

A

how the body gets rid of the drug

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12
Q

What are the main types of administration of drugs?

A

Enteral (PO, SL, PR)

Parenteral (IV, IM, SQ)

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13
Q

Other methods of drug administration?

A 
Transdermal
Topical
Inhaled/nasal
Optic/otic
Vaginal
Rectal
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14
Q

What are factors that affect drug absorption?

A
  1. stability of medication
  2. solubility of medication
  3. GI pH
  4. emptying time of stomach
  5. if food in stomach/intestines (food-drug interaction)
  6. if on concurrent meds (drug-drug interaction)
  7. different formulations of oral meds (enteric coated vs liquid)
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15
Q

What is facilitated diffusion?

A

diffusion of a non-lipid soluble molecule

carrier molecule

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16
Q

If a drug was high protein bound, what would that mean for the dose?

A

Drugs that are high protein bound require a higher dose as much of the drug will bind with protein and not be available in the blood.

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17
Q

What three factors influence distribution?

A
  1. protein-binding
  2. blood flow
  3. body tissue affinity
    - -> pharmacologic effect
18
Q

What happens in the metabolism phase?

A

The liver (mainly) changes the meds to a less active or inactive form by action of enzymes (also kidneys, lungs, intestines, and blood)

19
Q

How can we skip the first pass effect?

A

inhalation or IV

20
Q

Why does grapefruit interfere with metabolism?

A

Cytochrome p450 in grapefruit juice can cause a person to break down a drug faster

Already have an amount of cytochrome p450 in body, but can’t easily measure that amount

21
Q

why do we adjust the dosage of meds for older people?

A

hepatic function tends to decline with age. This can cause a drug to accumulate in the body if the hepatic process is slowed.

22
Q

What are individual variances in drug responses?

A
  1. infants have a limited med metabolism capacity
  2. age (varies with individual)
  3. hepatic metabolism tends to decline with age (accumulation of drugs –> smaller doses)
  4. first pass effect - can bypass through SL or IV or IM
  5. If taking drug with same metabolic pathway (could enhance or inhibit each other)
  6. Nutritional status (malnourish - deficient in factors needed to produce certain enzymes required for metabolism - affects metabolism and could lead to build up of drug in system)
23
Q

How can we bypass the first pass effect?

A 
Parenteral administration
(IV, IM, SQ) - go immediately to blood then liver - bypassing first pass effect
24
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

How much of the drug is available after the first-pass effect?

25
Q

Parenteral administration types?

A

IV
IM
SQ

26
Q

When does biotransformation occur?

A

When the structure of a drug is chemically altered during metabolism.

creates metabolites (by-product of metabolism)

27
Q

Why is bioavailability significant?

A

indicates onset time

the fraction of administered dose that reaches systemic circulation
IV = 100%; non-IV = 0-100%

28
Q

What is the pathway of drug?

A

dose –> gut –> not absorbed –> destroyed by gut wall –> destroyed by liver –> systemic circulation –> receptor site –> action –> excretion

29
Q

How does kidney dysfunction influence pharmacokinetics?

A

Kidney dysfunction could lead to an increase in duration and intensity of med response - important to monitor creatinine

30
Q

What are pharmacodynamics?

A

What drug does to body

31
Q

What is the dose response?

A

relationship between size of a dose and intensity of response produced

32
Q

How does the peak differ from the peak action of a drug?

A

peak is when a drug is at its highest conc in serum levels

peak action is how high a drug concentration can be without toxic effects

33
Q

Maximal efficacy

A

largest effect that a drug can produce

34
Q

What are the categories of drug actions

A
  1. stimulation (opiate) or depression (receptor site narcan)
  2. replacement (electrolytes, hormones)
  3. inhibition or killing of organisms (antibiotics)
  4. Irritants (GI irritant to help put NG tube in place)
35
Q

Antagonist

A

block usual receptor activity that endogenous compounds regulate or blocking other meds

36
Q

Partial agonist

A

produces a weaker or less effective response than the internal response – limited affinity to receptor site (agonist on some receptor sites and antagonist in others)

37
Q

Therapeutic range/level

A
  1. Serum conc needed to achieve desired therapeutic effects
  2. Between MEC and toxic conc. – not causing organ damage and have therapeutic effects
  3. Therapeutic level (blood)
38
Q

Steady state

A
  1. Administration rate = rate of clearance
  2. Staying steady – goal of all drugs – then we stop taking meds and body breaks it down
  3. Dependent on half-life
39
Q

Peak level

A
  1. Drug level following administration of a set number of doses
  2. Typically pertains to IV drugs
40
Q

Random level

A
  1. Drug level not related to administration time

2. Reflects steady state concentration

41
Q

Trough level

A
  1. Drug level taken 30 minutes before next drug administration due
  2. Should be at lowest concentration

Pharm Fall 2020 (5 decks)

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