Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Human development

A

the ways people grow and change across the life span; includes peoples biological, cognitive, psychological and social functioning

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2
Q

culture

A

total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art and technology; group’s common way of life passed on from one generation to the next
currently 2.5

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3
Q

TFR

A

In a population, the number of births per woman

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4
Q

traditional cultures

A

in developing countries, a rural culture that adheres more closely to cultural traditions than people in urban areas do

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5
Q

globalisation

A

increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communication

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6
Q

majority culture

A

within a country, the cultural group that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual and media power

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7
Q

contexts

A

settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of human development, including SES, gender and ethnicity, as well as family, school, community, media and culture

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8
Q

ethnicity

A

group identity that may include components such as cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion and language

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9
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

examines how patterns of human functioning and behaviour have resulted from adaptations to evolutionary conditions

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10
Q

Freud’s psychosexual approach

A

Earliest dev theory
Unconscious trauma affects personality
Developed psychoanalysis- bring repressed memories from unconscious to conscious by having them discuss dreams and childhood experiences with a psychoanalyst
Sexual desire was driving force behind human development
id operates on pleasure principle, superego restricts, ego based on reality principle
personality complete by age 6

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11
Q

Freud Oral

A

infancy

up to 1.5 years

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12
Q

freud anal

A

1.5-3

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13
Q

freud phallic

A

3-6
genitals
oedipus complex

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14
Q

frued latency

A

6-puberty

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15
Q

freud genital

A

puberty onwards

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16
Q

freud psychosexual approach criticisation

A
Human behaviour is complex and cannot be reduced to a single sexual motive 
He never studied children, based on retrospective accounts of upper class women in Vienna
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17
Q

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

Driving force not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment
Continues through the life span, not just early years

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18
Q

bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

A

five interrelated systems in the social environment influence development
AKA bio ecological theory
individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem. chronosystem

19
Q

microsystem

A

child is an active agent in their development, now known as context
immediate environment

20
Q

ecosystem

A

societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development

21
Q

chronosystem

A

changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes

22
Q

prenatal development

A

from conception until birth

23
Q

infancy

A

birth to age 12 months

24
Q

toddlerhood

A

the 2nd and 3rd years of life, ages 12–36 
months

25
early childhood
ages 3–6 

26
middle childhood
ages 6–9
27
adolescence
begins at puberty
28
emerging adulthood
between adolescent and young adulthood, most people are not as dependent on their parents as in childhood and adolescent but have not yet made commitments to the stable roles in love and work that structure adult life for most people
29
research method
approach to investigating the hypothesis (questionnaires, interviews)
30
research design
plan for when and how to collect the data
31
ethnographic research
Researcher spends a lot of time with participant and lives among them Ethnography: book on researcher’s observations Advantage: allows researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives Disadvantage: time and commitment, relationships may form so bias
32
Erikson: infancy
trust vs mistrust
33
Erikson: toddlerhood
autonomy vs shame and doubt
34
Erikson: early childhood
initiative vs guilt
35
Erikson: middle childhood
industry vs inferiority
36
Erikson: adolescence
identity vs identity confusion
37
Erikson: early adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
38
Erikson: middle adulthood
generativity vs stagnation
39
Erikson late adulthood
ego integrity vs despair
40
macrosystems
cultural beliefs and values
41
mesosystem
network of interconnections between microsystems
42
5 steps in scientific method
``` identify a research question propose hypothesis choose research method/design collect data draw conclusions ```
43
Ethics
protection from physical and psychological harm informed consent before participating confidentiality deception and debriefing
44
replacement rate
new births that replace current population number