Week 1 Flashcards
Human development
the ways people grow and change across the life span; includes peoples biological, cognitive, psychological and social functioning
culture
total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art and technology; group’s common way of life passed on from one generation to the next
currently 2.5
TFR
In a population, the number of births per woman
traditional cultures
in developing countries, a rural culture that adheres more closely to cultural traditions than people in urban areas do
globalisation
increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communication
majority culture
within a country, the cultural group that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual and media power
contexts
settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of human development, including SES, gender and ethnicity, as well as family, school, community, media and culture
ethnicity
group identity that may include components such as cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion and language
evolutionary psychology
examines how patterns of human functioning and behaviour have resulted from adaptations to evolutionary conditions
Freud’s psychosexual approach
Earliest dev theory
Unconscious trauma affects personality
Developed psychoanalysis- bring repressed memories from unconscious to conscious by having them discuss dreams and childhood experiences with a psychoanalyst
Sexual desire was driving force behind human development
id operates on pleasure principle, superego restricts, ego based on reality principle
personality complete by age 6
Freud Oral
infancy
up to 1.5 years
freud anal
1.5-3
freud phallic
3-6
genitals
oedipus complex
frued latency
6-puberty
freud genital
puberty onwards
freud psychosexual approach criticisation
Human behaviour is complex and cannot be reduced to a single sexual motive He never studied children, based on retrospective accounts of upper class women in Vienna
Erikson’s psychosocial theory
Driving force not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment
Continues through the life span, not just early years
bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory
five interrelated systems in the social environment influence development
AKA bio ecological theory
individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem. chronosystem
microsystem
child is an active agent in their development, now known as context
immediate environment
ecosystem
societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development
chronosystem
changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes
prenatal development
from conception until birth
infancy
birth to age 12 months
toddlerhood
the 2nd and 3rd years of life, ages 12–36 months
early childhood
ages 3–6
middle childhood
ages 6–9
adolescence
begins at puberty
emerging adulthood
between adolescent and young adulthood, most people are not as dependent on their parents as in childhood and adolescent but have not yet made commitments to the stable roles in love and work that structure adult life for most people
research method
approach to investigating the hypothesis (questionnaires, interviews)
research design
plan for when and how to collect the data
ethnographic research
Researcher spends a lot of time with participant and lives among them
Ethnography: book on researcher’s observations
Advantage: allows researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives
Disadvantage: time and commitment, relationships may form so bias
Erikson: infancy
trust vs mistrust
Erikson: toddlerhood
autonomy vs shame and doubt
Erikson: early childhood
initiative vs guilt
Erikson: middle childhood
industry vs inferiority
Erikson: adolescence
identity vs identity confusion
Erikson: early adulthood
intimacy vs isolation
Erikson: middle adulthood
generativity vs stagnation
Erikson late adulthood
ego integrity vs despair
macrosystems
cultural beliefs and values
mesosystem
network of interconnections between microsystems
5 steps in scientific method
identify a research question propose hypothesis choose research method/design collect data draw conclusions
Ethics
protection from physical and psychological harm
informed consent before participating
confidentiality
deception and debriefing
replacement rate
new births that replace current population number
