Week 1

Question 1

Human development

Answer 1

the ways people grow and change across the life span; includes peoples biological, cognitive, psychological and social functioning

Question 2

culture

Answer 2

total pattern of a group’s customs, beliefs, art and technology; group’s common way of life passed on from one generation to the next
currently 2.5

Question 3

TFR

Answer 3

In a population, the number of births per woman

Question 4

traditional cultures

Answer 4

in developing countries, a rural culture that adheres more closely to cultural traditions than people in urban areas do

Question 5

globalisation

Answer 5

increasing connections between different parts of the world in trade, travel, migration and communication

Question 6

majority culture

Answer 6

within a country, the cultural group that sets most of the norms and standards and holds most of the positions of political, economic, intellectual and media power

Question 7

contexts

Answer 7

settings and circumstances that contribute to variations in pathways of human development, including SES, gender and ethnicity, as well as family, school, community, media and culture

Question 8

ethnicity

Answer 8

group identity that may include components such as cultural origin, cultural traditions, race, religion and language

Question 9

evolutionary psychology

Answer 9

examines how patterns of human functioning and behaviour have resulted from adaptations to evolutionary conditions

Question 10

Freud’s psychosexual approach

Answer 10

Earliest dev theory
Unconscious trauma affects personality
Developed psychoanalysis- bring repressed memories from unconscious to conscious by having them discuss dreams and childhood experiences with a psychoanalyst
Sexual desire was driving force behind human development
id operates on pleasure principle, superego restricts, ego based on reality principle
personality complete by age 6

Question 11

Freud Oral

Answer 11

infancy

up to 1.5 years

Question 12

freud anal

Answer 12

1.5-3

Question 13

freud phallic

Answer 13

3-6
genitals
oedipus complex

Question 14

frued latency

Answer 14

6-puberty

Question 15

freud genital

Answer 15

puberty onwards

Question 16

freud psychosexual approach criticisation

Answer 16

Human behaviour is complex and cannot be reduced to a single sexual motive 
He never studied children, based on retrospective accounts of upper class women in Vienna

Question 17

Erikson’s psychosocial theory

Answer 17

Driving force not sexuality but the need to become integrated into the social and cultural environment
Continues through the life span, not just early years

Question 18

bronfenbrenner’s ecological theory

Answer 18

five interrelated systems in the social environment influence development
AKA bio ecological theory
individual, microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem. chronosystem

Question 19

microsystem

Answer 19

child is an active agent in their development, now known as context
immediate environment

Question 20

ecosystem

Answer 20

societal institutions that have indirect but potentially important influences on development

Question 21

chronosystem

Answer 21

changes that occur in developmental circumstances over time, both with respect to individual development and to historical changes

Question 22

prenatal development

Answer 22

from conception until birth

Question 23

infancy

Answer 23

birth to age 12 months

Question 24

toddlerhood

Answer 24

the 2nd and 3rd years of life, ages 12–36 
months

Question 25

early childhood

Answer 25

ages 3–6 


Question 26

middle childhood

Answer 26

ages 6–9

Question 27

adolescence

Answer 27

begins at puberty

Question 28

emerging adulthood

Answer 28

between adolescent and young adulthood, most people are not as dependent on their parents as in childhood and adolescent but have not yet made commitments to the stable roles in love and work that structure adult life for most people

Question 29

research method

Answer 29

approach to investigating the hypothesis (questionnaires, interviews)

Question 30

research design

Answer 30

plan for when and how to collect the data

Question 31

ethnographic research

Answer 31

Researcher spends a lot of time with participant and lives among them
Ethnography: book on researcher’s observations
Advantage: allows researcher to learn how people behave in their daily lives
Disadvantage: time and commitment, relationships may form so bias

Question 32

Erikson: infancy

Answer 32

trust vs mistrust

Question 33

Erikson: toddlerhood

Answer 33

autonomy vs shame and doubt

Question 34

Erikson: early childhood

Answer 34

initiative vs guilt

Question 35

Erikson: middle childhood

Answer 35

industry vs inferiority

Question 36

Erikson: adolescence

Answer 36

identity vs identity confusion

Question 37

Erikson: early adulthood

Answer 37

intimacy vs isolation

Question 38

Erikson: middle adulthood

Answer 38

generativity vs stagnation

Question 39

Erikson late adulthood

Answer 39

ego integrity vs despair

Question 40

macrosystems

Answer 40

cultural beliefs and values

Question 41

mesosystem

Answer 41

network of interconnections between microsystems

Question 42

5 steps in scientific method

Answer 42

identify a research question 
propose hypothesis 
choose research method/design 
collect data 
draw conclusions

Question 43

Ethics

Answer 43

protection from physical and psychological harm
informed consent before participating
confidentiality
deception and debriefing

Question 44

replacement rate

Answer 44

new births that replace current population number