Toddlerhood Flashcards

Question

emotional self regulation advances in four ways

Answer 1

Develop behaviours that help regulate emotions (turning to trusted adult or clinging to comfort toy) Use language to promote emotional self regulation (18MO use language to convey emotion, talking about feelings) External requirements by others extend their capacity for emotional self regulation (parents begin to enforce rules) Promoted by the development of the sociomoral emotions (becoming capable or guilt, shame and embarrassment motivates toddlers to avoid these; because they may be admonished by others for expressing primary emotions too strongly, learn self regulation to get approval)

Answer 2

Although self awareness begins to develop in infancy, advances during toddlerhood During second and third years, demonstrate self recognition 9-12MO would reach out and touch red dot placed on their nose but in the mirror as if it were someone else; 18MO would rub own nose At same time as self recognition, begin to use personal pronouns and refer to themselves by own names By second half of second year, have self reflection, capacity to think about one’s self as one would think about other persons and objects

Answer 3

Harlow's monkey experiment Bowlby used these three findings to conclude that bond between mum and child based on protection and care Primary attachment figure: person who is sought out when a child experiences some kind of distress or threat in the environment Children use their primary attachment figure as a secure base from which to explore surrounding environment If a threat appears in the environment, attachment behaviour is activated and children seek direct physical contact with their attachment figure Attachment develops gradually over first 2 years old life, culminating in a foal-corrected partnership in which both persons use language to communicate about the child’s needs and the primary attachment figure’s responses

Answer 4

12-24 MO Secure attachment: mother secure base, separation causes crying, upon return greeted happily and hugged/held Insecure-Avoidant attachment: little to no interaction with mum, no response to her departure and return, when picked up try to get down Insecure resistant attachment: don’t explore while mum is present, great distress when leaving, ambivalence when returned- run to her but then push her away Disorganised-disoriented attachment: added later by other researchers; dazed and detached when mum leaves, fearful when mum returns Toddlers with secure attachments seemed delighted to see their mothers again after a separation and often sought physical contact with her, whereas toddlers with insecure attachments either responded little to her return (avoidant) or seemed both relieved and angry at her (resistant).

Answer 5

child effect’: overstates mums influence and understates Childs influence Fails to recognise that children are born with different temperament Parent-child relationships are reciprocal not just from parent to kid Some said same across cultures, others say possible cultural bias Cultural differences in dependency are misclassified as insecure avoidant (independence) or insecure resistant (highly dependent on mum, overprotective) Weaning may impact security of attachment- suddenly showing sharp increase in insecurity and stranger anxiety Also, attachment researchers describe how toddlers with secure attachments grow up to be children who are self-reliant, socially assertive, and have high self-esteem, but these traits are not viewed as virtues in all cultures

Answer 6

Autism: developmental disorder marked by a lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development and repetitive behaviour Main features of the diagnosis are: lack of interest in social relations, abnormal language development and repetitive behaviour Low intelligence and may have intellectual disability Usually diagnosis made between 18-30MO At 8-10MO infants with autism show little or no evidence of normal social behaviours- no joint attention with parents, no pointing to objects to show others, or responding to own name Diagnosis becomes more definite in toddlerhood with failure to develop language skills during a period usually for dramatic advances

Answer 7

Attachment to sibling is secondary attachment rather than primary In strange situation adapted, older sibling provided the emotional comfort and security of an attachment figure only when mum was gone Following the birth of a younger sibling, often toddlers’ attachment to mother changes from secure to insecure They may regress in toilet training or self feeding If mums pay special attention to the toddler before the new baby arrives and explain the feelings and needs of the baby after the birth, toddlers respond more positively Once younger siblings are able to talk and play, older siblings show less resentment