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A Synaptic Transmission > Week 1 > Flashcards

Week 1 Flashcards

1
Q

synapse

A

point of junction between two electrically excitable cells

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2
Q

presynaptic bouton

A

vesicles and NT

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3
Q

postsynaptic site

A

receptors

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4
Q

synaptic cleft

A

ECM
adhesion proteins
astrocytes

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5
Q

electrical synpase

A

bidirectional
fast
strong

limited

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6
Q

chemical synpase

A

unidirectional
variable strength
not as fast

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7
Q

NT

A

neurochemical released by neuronal stimulation resulting in a postsynaptic response

localization
mimicry
release
pharmacology
reuptake/degradation
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8
Q

localization of NT

A

produced within neuron and found within a neuron

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9
Q

mimicry of NT

A

if chemical applied to post synaptic membrane, it should have same affect

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10
Q

release of NT

A

from neuron (depolarized)

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11
Q

pharmacology of NT

A

action on receptors; agonist and antagonist effects

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12
Q

reuptake of NT

A

inactivated of chemical after release

through reuptake or enzyme

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13
Q

axodendritic/axosomatic

A

terminal to postsynaptic receptor

pre to post forward

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14
Q

axoaxonic

A

module NT release

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15
Q

dendoraxonic

A

retrograde signaling

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16
Q

autapse

A

autocrine signaling (self regulation)

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17
Q

multipartite synpase

A

synaptic modulation

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18
Q

neuroglia

A

cells that support and protect neurons

maybe in volved in local and long distance signaling

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19
Q

neuron features

A

high metabolic rate
extreme longevity
nonmitotic (mostly)
diverse in morphology and function

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20
Q

dendrites

A

short processes that branch out from cell body

receive impulses and carry to cell body: signal input

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21
Q

soma

A

integrating center for neuronal signals

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22
Q

axons

A

transmit nerve impulses away from cell body and transmit info to other cells (signal output)

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23
Q

stroma cell

A

nucleus
nucleolus
mitochondria
free ribosomes and ER (nissl bodies)

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24
Q

axons

A

long, cylindrical processes

may branch into axon collaterals

transmit impulses away from body and transmit info to other cells (signal output)

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25
Q

axon hillock

A

region where axon connects to cell body

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26
Q

axon collaterals

A

side branches of main axon

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27
Q

synaptic knobs

A

expanded regions at tip of axon with NT containing vesicles

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28
Q

local circuit neurons

A

short, unmyelinated

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29
Q

projection neurons

A

long, myelinated

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30
Q

neurons can be BOTH

A

local and projection

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31
Q

microfilaments

A

F-actin from G actin

5nm

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32
Q

microtubules

A

tubulin dimers w associated MAPs and Tau proteins

20nm

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33
Q

intermediate filaments

A

polymerized GFAP in astrocytes - no other glial cell

10nm

34
Q

int he axon the distal end of the microtubule is the

A

+ end

35
Q

immunofluorescence microscopy

A

localizing proteins in brain cells

emission of visible light by substance that has absorbed light of a diff wavelenth

36
Q

double label immunofluorescence

A

two proteins on one cell

NaCh, MAP2

37
Q

dendrite structure

A

tapered, many branching processes

several principle dendrites and MANy dendrites

38
Q

bipolar cells

A

one principle dendrite

39
Q

size and shape of dendritic arbor

A

relates to connectivity with and location of connecting neurons

complexitiy relates to number of synpases

40
Q

dendritic spines

A

more density - increased sensory experience

41
Q

spiny neurons vs nonspiny neurons

A

exist

42
Q

gray’s type 1

A

excitatory synapses on spine and dendritic shaft

not in soma

elaborated postsynaptic region

43
Q

2 types of synapses

A

gray’s 1 and 2

44
Q

gray’s type 2

A

inhibitory synapses on dendritic shaft and soma

not only in dendritic spines

45
Q

spines serve as

A

functional compartments within cell and barriers to diffusion (calcium and protein)

46
Q

spines can

A

change size and shape altering strength and number of contacts

47
Q

synapse on spine

A

almost certainly excitatory

48
Q

four CNS glial cell types

A

encased in bone

astrocytes
ependymal cells
microglial cells
oligodendrocytes

49
Q

two PNS glial cell types

A

satellite cells

neurolemmocytes (schwann cells)

50
Q

ependymal cells

A

line ventricles, produce and secrete CSF
form blood-CSF barrier
neural stem cell roll
precursor of neuron and astrocytes

51
Q

myelin

A

lipid rich wrapping of glial membrane around axons to provide electrical insulation and speed action potential conduction

52
Q

PNS myelin

A

schwann cells

one schwann cell sheaths one axon; axons are sheathed by many Schwanns

53
Q

CNS myelin

A

oligodendrocytes

one oligodendrocyte sheaths multiple axons; axons may be sheathed by many oligodendrocytes

54
Q

microglia

A 
smallest
star shaped
few processes/neurites
mesoderm-derived (not ectoderm)
defensive/scavenger function
related to macrophages
dormant
55
Q

how do microglia respond to injury?

A

mitosis

retracting processes, changing shape

produce cell signaling molecules

migrate to injury/infection site

destroy/engulf dead and dying cells

56
Q

astrocytes

A 
star shaped cells
many processes/neurites
have End Feet
ectoderm derived (neural origin)
present in CNS only
57
Q

astrocyte jobs

A
  • create 3D framework for CNS; guide neuronal migration during development
  • repair damaged tissue
  • maintain BBB
  • provide metabolic support for neurons
  • control interstitial ionic environment
  • uptake of NT
58
Q

astrocyte role: 3D framework

A

migrate along radial glia

59
Q

astrocyte role: repair damaged tissue

A

phagocytosis

provide trophic support and repair functions for damaged neurons

60
Q

astrocyte role: BBB maintenance

A

isolates CNS

perivascular feet to surround blood vessels in brain

61
Q

astrocyte role: metabolic support

A

metabolic trafficking in brain cells
breakd own glucose to give neuron lactic acid to re-convert to pyruvate for use in CA

-glucose from capillary, give neurons lactate

62
Q

astrocyte role: ionic balance

A

aquaporins to couptake K+

63
Q

astrocyte role: NT uptake

A

take up glutamate and GABA

64
Q

astrocyte and synaptic functions

A
  • partner with neurons at Glu and GABA synapses to reuptake
  • express Glu receptors themselves
  • promote synapse formation with synaptogenic factors and adhesion proteins
  • envelop and isolate individual synapses
65
Q

BBB keeps out

A

infectious pathogens

immune cells

66
Q

BBB allows to pass

A

O2, CO2, lipids

glucose, AA, vitamins, hormones

67
Q

how does neuronal activity locally increase the cerebral blood flow?

A

vasodilation thus increasing delivery of oxygen and nutrients to working neurons

Glu fired with AP; astrocyte has mGluR
signals to vasodilate

68
Q

growth cone

A

end of developming neuron;s neurite is a growth cone

actively expands and retracts during neurite outgrowth and axon pathfinding

69
Q

growth cone filopodia

A

test surrounding environment and are attracted to some chemical signals but repelled by others

growth cone has surface receptors that sense attractant and repellent cues

signals are transduced in cytoplasm and guides growth

dependent on cytoplasmic calcium levels

70
Q

growth cone movement and elongation is mediated by

A

cytoskeletal lattice in filopodia containing dynamic actin and myosin

as neurite extends, MT backbone elongates by polymerization of tubulin protein monomers

71
Q

what adds membrane to both sides of lamellopodia and filopodia

A

fusion vesicles

72
Q

SLIT

A

decreased motility

73
Q

NETRIN

A

increase motility, actin polymerization, vesicle docking

74
Q

chemotropism

A

oriented or directed growth dictated by chemical signaling

75
Q

SLIT signal

A

global CA2+ signals: regulation of depolymerization of MT and actin

membrane vesicle endocytosis

retraction of growth cone

76
Q

NETRIN signal

A

global Ca2+ signals: regulator of polymerization of MT and actin

membrane vesicle exocytosis

elongation of growth cone

77
Q

intracellular Ca2+ regulates activity of

A

Rho-GTPase and effectors

Protein phosphatases (calcineurin)

Protein kinases (CAMK, PKC, AMPK) ==> inc cell cycle, survive, energy

78
Q

two major classes of axon guidance cues

A

secreted, diffusable signals

cell-adhesion molecules

79
Q

long range cues

A

soluble, secreted molecules

80
Q

short range cues

A

membrane-bound, contact-mediated cues

A Synaptic Transmission (2 decks)

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