Week 1

Question 1

Absorption

Answer 1

movement of drug from site of admin to systemic circulation

Question 2

Active drug

Answer 2

takes effect immediately- morphine

Question 3

Adverse drug reaction-

Answer 3

unintended harmful reaction to medicines

Question 4

Allele

Answer 4

one of two or more forms of a single gene- one from each parent

Question 5

Base pair

Answer 5

2 complementary nucleotides

Question 6

Candidate gene

Answer 6

predicted to be associated with particular trait (adverse reaction)

Question 7

Cytochrome p450

Answer 7

group of enzymes involved in drug metabolism found in high levels in liver- metabolism many drugs for excretion

Question 8

DNA

Answer 8

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 9

Enzyme

Answer 9

biological catalyst that speeds up rate of a specific chemical reaction

Question 10

Efficacy

Answer 10

maximum beneficial or therapeutic response that a drug can produce and isa. Measure of clinical effectiveness

Question 11

Excretion

Answer 11

irreversible removal of a drug in the unchanged form

Question 12

Polymorphism

Answer 12

variant that has two or more alleles and present at a frequency of at least 1%

Question 13

Prodrug

Answer 13

precursor of a drug- must undergo chemical conversion by metabolic processes before becoming active

Question 14

Gene

Answer 14

basic physical unit of inheritance

Question 15

Genotype

Answer 15

individuals collection of genes

Question 16

GWAS

Answer 16

genome wide associate study- assess common genetic variations across entire genome of a large population of individuals

Question 17

Haplotype

Answer 17

collection of genetic variants such as SNPS that travel together on same allele

Question 18

Heterozygosity

Answer 18

when two different alleles are present on chromosome pair

Question 19

Homozygosity

Answer 19

when two identical alleles present on the chromosome pair

Question 20

Poor metabolizer-

Answer 20

two non-functional alleles and therefore have little to no enzyme activity

Question 21

Intermediate metabolizers-

Answer 21

one nonfunctional allele so decreased enzyme activity

Question 22

Extensive metabolizers

Answer 22

2 normally functioning- normal enzyme activity

Question 23

ultra rapid-

Answer 23

one or more alleles which result in increased enzyme activity compared to extensive

Question 24

SNP

Answer 24

single nucleotide polymorphism- single base pair substitution

Question 25

Nucleotides

Answer 25

building blocks of Dna ATCG

Question 26

Pharmacodynamics

Answer 26

biochemical and physiological effects of drugs particularly those that define drugs mechanism of action one the body

Question 27

Pharmacokinetics

Answer 27

absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion of bioactive drugs following admin

Question 28

Pharmacogenetics

Answer 28

identification of genetic variants and their association with variations in drug treatment response

Question 29

Pharmacogenemocs

Answer 29

incorporation of multiple pharmacogenetic results to develop gene based phenotypic characterization- identifying responsiveness or side-effect prone patients in clinical practice and in drug development trials

Question 30

Phase I metabolism-

Answer 30

small chemical changes making more hydrophilic so can be eliminated adding or unmasking-a. Hydroxyl group or amine- hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction

Question 31

Phase II purpose

Answer 31

if phase I is insufficient to clear or if I generates reactive metabolite

Question 32

Conjugation

Answer 32

adding large polar group such as glucuronide to further increase compounds solubility usually by transferase

Question 33

Phase III-

Answer 33

involves drug transporters influence effect of ADME across cellular barriers can target site of accumulation

Question 34

Phenotype

Answer 34

observable physical characteristic

Question 35

Efficacy

Answer 35

maximum therapeutic response- measure of clinical effectiveness- % who show response at standard dose

Question 36

Toxicity

Answer 36

to what extent show adverse- percentage of showing

Question 37

Optimal dose

Answer 37

greatest efficacy and lowest toxicity

Question 38

Extreme drug responders

Answer 38

non responders and adverse responders-

Question 39

Cancer development

Answer 39

accumulation of multiple mutations in certain genes in cell acting together to disrupt normal check-uncontrolled cellular proliferation

Question 40

Conventional chemo problems

Answer 40

to achieve reasonable efficacy have to make very toxic and have lots of adverse side effects-

Question 41

Herceptin

Answer 41

Ab based therapeutic used for treatment of HER2 positive breast cancers- high levels of HEGF- 20% of cancers

Question 42

Herceptin action

Answer 42

Herceptin competitively binds blocking Growth factor binding preventing replication by HER2 binding